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Ancient Greece 1 Black Sea Aegean Sea Troy Mycenae Crete Knossos Greece includes: Mainland=Balkan Peninsula Islands in the Aegean Sea ¾ of Greece is mountains This caused agricultural problems Communication was difficult Most Greeks were fisherman, sailors, traders Trade led to cultural diffusion Minoans- (2500-1400 BC) Island of Crete Main city--Knossos Indoor bathrooms Running water Colored murals (frescoes) http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/images/cre124.jpg http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/aegean/galleryimages/minoanimages.html Strong navies to support trade Worshipped bull & Earth goddess Artist’s portrayal of Knossos Mycenaeans (1600-1200 BC) Warring people Bards-- storytellers Greek alphabet Linear B writing Homer (700s BC) blind poet 2 famous Greek epics 1. Iliad 2. Odyssey Greek Religion Polytheistic 1. Explained nature 2. Explained emotions & behavior 3. Benefits---long life, good harvest Zeus- King of the gods & god of thunder 12 most important gods live on Mt. Olympus Poseidon- God of sea Hades- Ruler of Underworld Hera- Goddess of marriage & childbirth, jealous of Zeus AthenaGoddess of wisdom Apollo- Sun god Aphrodite- Goddess of love & beauty Hermes- Messenger for the gods Every 4 years- Olympics (religious festival in honor of Zeus in Olympia) •Polis: Greek city-state •Acropolis: Hill where temples & public buildings were The Acropolis Agora=open-air market Commerce & politics Citizens (free adult males) had political rights Political rights were voting, holding public office, & defending themselves in court Women, slaves, & foreigners had no political rights Slavery not based on race POWs or debt slaves Hoplites Heavily armed infantry (foot soldiers) Shield, sword, & thrusting spear (9 ft. long) Greaves or leg armor Bronze Helmet Round shield covered with leather Phalanx Battle formation; wall of shields Lack of arable (fertile) farmland led to overcrowding Greeks established colonies Spread Hellenic (Greek) culture Sparta Patron god = Ares, god of war. Sparta took over neighbors; made them slaves (helots) Children seen as weak were left on a hillside to die Age 7- Boys start military training (learning to cheat, lie, & steal) Age 20- Military service Lived in the barracks until 30 Age 30- Could vote Age 60- Retire from military Sparta would never surrender or retreat Spartan Women- Owned land, trained in physical fitness in order to bear strong children, especially sons. Married around age 19 Oligarchy: Rule by small group 2 Kings were in charge of the army Council of Elderslawmakers people over 60 yrs old Sparta- Considered backward & uncultured Athens Monarchy: Rule by king Trade led to wealthy class (Aristocrats) Aristocracy: Rule by upperclass Took advantage of poor Tyranny: Rule by 1 person (not always bad) Draco: Athens's 1st written law code very harsh Solon: “so long to debt slavery” TURNED ATHENS INTO DEMOCRACY!!! CleisthenesCouncil of 500- propose laws The Assembly- pass laws Democracy: Rule in which people vote Direct Democracy: Vote on laws Ostracism: The Assembly could wrote names on broken pottery Anyone named 6,000 times = banned from Athens for 10 yrs Trade- Grapes & olives Women couldn’t own property & had male guardian Boys were educated to participate in politics Aristocrats-Cavalry Farmers-Foot soldiers Persian War 499 B.C. Greek colonies in Ionia rebel against Persia Athens sent troops Persian King Darius wanted revenge (didn’t like Athens meddling in their affairs) Marathon Battle north of Athens (490 BC) Greeks win! Pheidippides ran to Athens Yelled “Nenikékamen,” (Nike=Victory) & died from exhaustion Nike Winged goddess of victory, strength, & speed 480 B.C.: Xerxes sent force to Greece Persian War united Greek city-states for 1st time Narrow mountain pass 250,000 Persians vs. 7,000 Greeks When defeat is imminent, Spartans order others to leave Spartans betrayed by local resident who led Persians behind mountain Spartans won time for Athens to build navy defense at Salamis •Persians marched south after victory & destroyed Athens •Salamis: Persian ships attacked the Athenian navy near the island • Smaller Greek ships destroyed bigger Persian ships Delian League: Military alliance headed by Athens to get rid of Persian threat Pericles- brought Golden Age to Athens (460 to 429 B.C.) Gave salaries to men who held public office; this allowed poor to serve Pericles rebuilt the city The Parthenon built on the Acropolis in Athens; temple to Athena The Peloponnesian War Greeks resented Athenian domination Sparta & other enemies of Athens formed Peloponnesian League. A 27 year war broke out from 431 B.C.-404 B.C. Plague killed 1/3 of Athens Sparta allied with Persia 404 B.C. Spartans captured Athens