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Characteristics of Classical Greece
DAY 1
Geography
In southeastern Europe on the tip of the Balkan Peninsula within
the Mediterranean Sea with the Aegean Sea to the east and the
Ionian Sea to the west;
east of Italy and Sicily and west of what is now Turkey;
mountainous terrain with no major rivers;
off from mainland Greece are hundreds of tiny islands that the
Greeks used for trade and colonization
BALKAN PENINSULA
ASIA
MINOR
(Turkey)
Ionian
Sea
a. Disadvantages
b. Advantages
a. no major rivers to begin an agricultural revolution as the
earliest ancient civilizations of Sumer, Egypt, India, and
China had relied upon;
mountains separated the city-states of Greece causing
no unity or loyalty to one another
b. The seas linked the Greeks to the outside world. The
Greeks became skilled shipbuilders and sailors, traveling
and trading all over the Mediterranean, spreading their
culture while absorbing others
(cultural diffusion)
Q
A geographical feature of ancient Greece was that Greece
A. was so mountainous that it often failed to unite its
city-states
B. was supported by its many rivers and valleys for trade
C. relied on the seas to produce enough crops for its population
D. had no means to colonization around the Mediterranean area
A
When any group of people, as the ancient Greeks, travel, trade,
or war with one another, the term to describe this exchange is
called
A. colonization
B. Neolithic Revolution
C. filial piety
D. cultural diffusion
D
Early Influences by the Minoans
The Minoans established their civilization on the island of
Crete, helping to shape the Greek civilization.
They traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia and acquired
ideas/technology that they adapted to their own culture.
The fall of the Minoan civilization was due to possible
natural catastrophes such as
a volcanic eruption, an earthquake, or a tidal wave. Now
weakened, the Minoans fell to invading
Mycenaeans.
Minoans
Early Influences by the Mycenaean
The Mycenaean conquered the Greek mainland and Crete,
and by dominating the Aegean Sea from about 1400 B.C. to
1200 B.C., they absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian
influences that they passed on to later Greeks. They traded
with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and
the Phoenicians, considered to be the greatest sea-trading
people of the ancient world,
who invented a 22-letter alphabet from which the Greek
alphabet was adapted.
[& introduced
royal purple dye]
Shellfish from which
the Phoenicians
derived purple dye
Greek poet, Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
about the Trojan War
that was fought between the two cities of Mycenae and
Troy, reveal many of the values held by the ancient Greeks
such as honor, courage, and eloquence.
Development of Greek city-states
Each city-state was called a polis, first meaning “fort,” and
each polis had its own acropolis (fortified hilltop) and agora
(marketplace);
Each polis was ruled by a king, whose rule was eventually
overthrown by an aristocracy (nobility who owned land)
which became so oppressive,
Greek hoplites (foot soldiers of a citizen-army),
using their phalanxes (8-rank formations)
defeated the aristocrats with the use of a new material
called iron to make affordable weapons.
The hoplites replaced the aristocracy with a ruling class of
oligarchs known as Tyrants who successfully built temples,
forts, and harbors for the betterment of the Greek civilization.
The Greeks’ adopted their alphabet directly from the
A. Minoans
B. Phoenicians
C. Mycenaean
D. Mountainous peoples
C
Which inexpensive material helped Greek hoplites overthrow
the aristocrats?
A. gold
B. bronze
C. steel
D. iron
D
• Similarities among Greek city-states
• all Greek citizens considered themselves “Hellenes” (Greeks)
living in “Hellas” (Greece);
• used language of Greek, derived from the Phoenician 22-letter
alphabet
• participated in Olympic Games, counting every four years as
one Olympiad
• practiced a polytheistic religion
• feared constant threat of attack from the Persian Empire
• felt superior to non-Greeks whom they called “barbaroi,”
people who did not speak Greek
Which of the following is not a similarity among all early
Greeks city-states?
A. Each Greek city-state constructed its most important
buildings on an acropolis.
B. Each city-state used the agora as a marketplace and
gathering place.
C. Each of its citizens considered all non-Latin-speaking
people “barbaroi.”
D. Each of its citizens called himself “Hellene.”
C
STOP
Which Greek Age was beneficial in beautifying and
improving the ancient Greek city-states overall?
A. Age of Kings
B. Age of Aristocracy
C. Age of Tyrants
D. Age of Nobles
E. Age of Monarchies
C
Which was not a common feature among all Greek city-states
during the Iron Age?
A. Each had a citizen-army of soldiers called hoplites.
B. Each built their important buildings on an acropolis.
C. Any non-Greek person who spoke Greek was considered to
be a “barbaroi.”
D. Each polis feared an attack from the Persian Empire.
E. called their homeland Hellas and themselves “Hellenes”
C
CHAPTER 5 LESSON 1 DAY 2
•Differences between the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta
Athens
• on Greek mainland
• established the world’s 1st democracy called a direct
democracy, led by all male citizens 30 years or older as
Assembly members
(U.S. has a representative democracy whereby the people elect
senators and state representatives to speak and vote on their
behalf)
• Greek government [and modern America’s] based on idea of
popular sovereignty (the people choose their form of government to rule them)
• Archons (reformers who worked to improve Athens’
democracy) wrote laws: beginning with the Draconian Code of
Laws, a set of harsh, severe laws comparable to Babylonian
King Hammurabi’s Code of Laws, the world’s 1st written law
code
• Sophists (Greek wise men) taught rhetoric (publicspeaking course to Athenian citizens’ older sons); wide
range of educational opportunities for males only
Sparta
• on Greek area called Peloponnesus at
the southern end of Balkan Peninsula
• established a closed society led by an
oligarchy with 2 kings and a Council of Elders
• based society on a military state
• glorified war according to the law code
of Lycurgus, a Dorian warrior ancestor of the
Spartans & Sparta’s 1st lawmaker, who,
legend has it, sacrificed his own life to save
all other Spartans
• began military training at age of 7
• women honored as “mothers of soldiers”
• feared revolts by helots (enslaved farmers
forced to work for the Spartans and provide
them with food)
• feared strangers
(xenophobia)
Major Wars Fought by Ancient Greece
Persian Wars
• began in 490 B.C., lasted for 11 yrs.
• Athens, angering Sparta, takes credit for defeating the
ancient world’s most powerful military, the Persian Empire:
 from Middle East area; now Iran; had lands on 3
continents; militarily centralized in Asia by building the
Royal Road, with a pony express to introduce a postal
service;
treated all conquered people with tolerance &
respect, even allowing the conquered monotheistic Jews
to rebuild their temple in
Jerusalem
• Pericles, Athenian military general and
political orator, begins Athens’
Golden Age by rebuilding the Parthenon,
strengthening democracy; supporting
knowledge and learning and ensuring
that Athens became known as the
“School of Hellas;”
Greece is confirmed as the Western
World’s 1st
classical civilization
• jealousy intensifies between Athens
and Sparta, leading them into a 27-year
Greek civil war
Peloponnesian War
• Greek civil war began in 431 B.C.
• Pericles died of a plague along with
1/3 of the Athenian population
• with a Persian-backed navy,
Sparta defeated Athenian naval forces
• Athens surrendered to Sparta, so that
totalitarianism triumphed over
democracy
• Greece, weaker than ever, fell to a
foreign power in the north, the
kingdom of Macedonia led by King Philip
II, father of
Alexander the Great
Which of the following does not belong as the name of an
ancient law code?
A. Pericles
B. Hammurabi
C. Draco
D. Lycurgus
A
Which of the following allowed the Jews to rebuild their temple
in Jerusalem?
A. Athens
B. Pericles
C. Persians
D. Sparta
C