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Transcript
ANCIENT GREECE World History Unit II, Part I EARLY HISTORY AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS (See Map) • Minoan (Cretan) Civilization (3000-1400 BC) • Island of Crete / City of Knossos An idea of Knossos From the Palace of Knossos: The famous "bull leaping" fresco from the East wing of the palace EARLY HISTORY AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS (See Map) • Mycenaean Civilization (2000-1100 BC) • Northern Greece Mainland • Indo-European Descent • Intermarried with Hellenes (indigenous Greeks) • Will become the early Greeks . . . Mycenaean Warriors EARLY HISTORY • • • • “Homeric Age” (Until 750 BC) Homer; epic poet Illiad & Odyssey / Trojan War Belief in Greek Gods / Mythology Homer Troy Achilles The death mask of “King Agamemnon” Mycenae GEOGRAPHY Geographic Influences (see map/location) Deep harbors, trade/merchant fleets Rugged, rocky, semi-arid Not much arable land Colonies established on shores Independent City-States located in small, isolated fertile valleys • City-State = Greek polis • • • • • • Landscape Greek Countryside GREEK CITY-STATES • Major Rival City-States • Athens, Sparta, Corinth Greek cities and colonies, 750-650 B.C. GREEK CITY-STATES • Athens – Democratic City-State –Progression of Athenian Government • Monarchy (Kings) • Aristocracy (Nobles) • Tyranny (Tyrants) • Direct Democracy (Constitution/Citizens) GREEK CITY-STATES • Important Democratic Reformers – Draco ~ 621 BC – Solon ~ 594 BC – Cleistenenes ~ 508 BC • Then the most important: – PERICLES (461 – 429 BC) • “Golden Age” of Athens/Pericles • Great and popular leader of Athens/Democracy (see video) GREEK CITY-STATES • Athenian Philosophy/Lifestyle – Liberal, free-thinking – Artistic, creative, educated – Built beautiful public buildings/temple on the Acropolis (see pictures/video) – See comparison chart of democracy on Athens/USA Pericles of Athens The Acropolis of Athens GREEK CITY-STATES • Sparta – Military City-State – Aristocracy / autocratic / totalitarian – Lifestyle: Agrarian / Militaristic – Philosophy: “The individual exists to serve the State” – Conservative / “Status Quo” – Considered an armed camp with great warriors • Extremely competitive with Athens (mutual) GREEK CITY-STATES • Athens and Sparta were extreme opposites. • But, there were four major things that united/unified the Greeks: 1. Language 2. Religion (mythology) 3. The Olympic Games 4. Fear of the Persian Empire MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS • Two Major Wars 1. Persian Wars (500-479 BC) • • • • External war/common enemy (unified the Greeks) Darius – Persian King Important Battles: Marathon, Salamis, Thermopylae (300) (see videos) Following the Greek victories: The growth of Athens and Sparta which led to the “Golden Age” of Athens (Pericles) Themistocles Greek Fighting Ship: TRIREME Persian Empire Leonidas Hoplite phalanx: classical Greece MAJOR HISTORICAL EVENTS • Then following the Golden Age of Pericles: War, decline, disaster . . . 2. Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) • “Civil” war between two great rivals – Athens vs. Sparta for control of Greece • Protracted, destructive war • Sparta “won” but at too high a price • The Spartans were hated and resented by Athenians and the other Greeks • No loyalty to the Spartans • This war led to the decline of Greek culture and civilization . . . Chaotic conditions until mid-300’s • • • • • • TWO MAJOR PERIODS in GREEK HISTORY: HELLENIC (CLASSICAL) Five centuries preceding Alexander the Great -750-336 BC Height reached during age of Pericles (461-429 BC) Primarily ATHENIAN HELLENISTIC (Hellenism) •Culture spread by Alexander the Great •Fused Western Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Oriental (Eastern) Philip and Alexander • • • • Philip of Macedon (King Philip II) Invades and conquers Greece by force (359-338 BC) Murdered in presence of his son ALEXANDER • Alexander was only 20 when he took control of Philip’s Kingdom (Macedonia and Greece) ALEXANDER’S- MAJOR BATTLES (all -vs- the Persian Empire) • 1. GRANICUS • 2. ISSUS • 3. GAUGAMELA • Outnumbered by the Persians in all three battles either 3:1/4:1!!! • None of the outcomes were even close… • Total annihilation of the enemy! CONQUESTS of ALEXANDER the GREAT • 336-323 BC -Largest Empire in World History (up to that time-see maps/videos) • From Greece to the Indus River! • Marched 22,000 miles and never lost a battle! •Dies at age 33 in Babylon, body taken back to Alexandria, Egypt •His Empire soon falls apart and is divided into three Kingdoms-among his Generals ALEXANDER’S LEGACY • • • • • • 1. Spread of Greek (Hellenistic) Culture 2. Establishment of Greek cultural centers - Many Greek cities built - ALL named ALEXANDRIA Cultural diffusion between East/West Period of peace/prosperity would be the model for the Pax Romana (Roman Peace)