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WHI.05: Ancient Greece:
Geography to Persian Wars
Objectives
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The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
a. assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including
the impact of Greek commerce and colonies;
b. describing Greek mythology and religion;
c. identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the
development of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta;
d. evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars;
Essential Understandings
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1. The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of
Greek civilization.
2. The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture
across the Mediterranean and Black seas.
3. Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in
ancient Greece.
4. Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient
Greek mythology.
5. Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen,
although not everyone could participate in decision making.
6. It became a foundation of modern democracies.
7. Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta
(oligarchy).
8. The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence.
Essential Questions
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1. How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek
economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?
2. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?
3. What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world?
4. How did democracy develop in Athens?
5. How did Sparta differ from Athens?
6. Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?
Why Do I Need To Know This?
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1. The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period.
2. Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece.
Ancient Greece
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Geography
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Balkan Peninsula
1. Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe
2. Also over 1400 islands
3. Mild Climate supported an outdoor life (48 degrees in winter and 80 in the summer)
4. Mountains
a. Cover 75% of Greece
b. Difficult to unite Greeks under a single
government, developed small
communities instead
c. Made land transportation difficul
d. Poor in natural resources such as timber,
metals and farmland
Greek Mountains
Greek Mountains
Grapes and Olives
Geography
p. 063
The Sea
1. Greece is bordered by the Ionian Sea (West), the Aegean Sea (East)
1. Both are part of the Mediterranean Sea
2. Important trade routes for the Greeks
Geography
p. 063
Colonization
1. Had to seek new colonies because:
a. They were overpopulated
b. Needed more/better land for crops
c. More grassland for farm animals
Grapes and Olives
Mycenae
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a group of Indo-Europeans settled on Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.
dominated Greece from 1600 to 1200 B.C.
Trojan War (about 1200 B.C.)
1. the Trojan prince, Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Spartan king (Menelaus),
brother of the king of Mycenae (Agamemnon); the Greeks went to war with Troy for 10 years;
Greeks pretend to give up and give Troy a large wooden horse (filled with soldiers); the soldiers
open the gate to Troy and the Greeks destroy Troy
2. Real Reason – control of the Dardanelles Straits
Mycenae
Trojan War
Trojan War
Trojan
War
Dorians
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1. the Mycenaeans collapsed around 1200 B.C. and the Dorians took over the Greek peninsula
2. the Dorians were a warrior people and were not interested in trade or culture
3. Created a “Dark Age of Greece” – no written record exists from 1150-750 B.C.
Homer
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1. blind poet who composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
2. wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey; describes the battle of Troy the Trojan Horse and the journey
home of King Odysseus
Myths/Religion
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Myths – a traditional stories about Greek gods; a way for the Greeks to explain natural
phenomena, life events, and the power of human passions
Greek Gods – the Greeks attributed human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy to their gods
Zeus – ruler of the gods, ruled the sky, weather and thunderstorms
Poseidon – god of the seas
Hades – god of the underworld
Hera – Zeus’s wife, often jealous of Zeus’s relationships with other women
Athena – goddess of wisdom and Zeus’s favorite child
Apollo – god of poetry and music, son of Zeus and Leto
Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty
Zeus and Hera
Poseidon and Hades
Athena, Apollo, and Aphrodite
Rule and Order in Greek City-States
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Polis – Greek city-state, made up of a city and its surrounding countryside; was the
fundamental political unit in ancient Greece; designed to promote civic and commercial life
Acropolis – fortified hilltop in the center of most poli
Agora (public center) where male citizens gathered to conduct business
An Acropolis and an Agora
Athenian Acropolis
• Fortified hilltop for protection
– Walls are the mountain its built on—marble
Rule and Order in Greek City-States
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Monarchy – when a king or queen rules a government
Tyrant – powerful individual who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and the
discontented for support
Aristocracy – a government that is ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families
Oligarchy – a government ruled a few powerful people, usually by military leaders
Democracy – a government in which all citizens have power
Phalanx – rectangular fighting formation
Hoplites – foot soldiers
Phalanx
Hoplite
Sparta
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Geography
1. located in the southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus
This is Sparta!
Sparta
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Society
1. built a militaristic state; ruled by an oligarchy
2. rigid social structure
a. Spartans – the elite warrior class, only class considered citizens
b. Perioikoi – free people who weren’t Spartans, not considered citizens, conducted all
business within Sparta; sometimes served as a military reserve
c. Helots – slaves (largest class in Spartan society)
3. valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom
Sparta
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Education
1. education centered around military training
2. at age of seven, boys left home and moved into army barracks
3. girls ran, wrestled, and played sports; learned to put service of Sparta above love, even family
4. from 600 to 371 B.C., the Spartans had the most powerful army in Greece
5. all forms of individual expression were discouraged
6. did not value the arts
Athens
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Evolution of the Government
1. Monarchy
aristocracy
tyranny
democracy
2. only free adult males could be citizens – women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from
citizenship; Athenian women focused on child rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and
managing the household
Athens
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Important Leaders
1. Draco – wrote the first legal code, punishments were very harsh; included debt slavery
2. Solon – outlawed debt slavery; allowed all citizens to participate and debate policies in the
Athenian assembly; initiated profitable overseas trade, but neglected land reforms
3. Cleisthenes – worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizing the assembly to
break up the power of the nobility; created the Council of 500 which proposed laws and
counseled the assembly; members of the Council were chosen by lot (random)
Athens
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Education
1. boys entered school at age 7, graduated at 18; girls did not receive a formal education
Persian Wars
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Ionia
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1. 520 B.C., the Persians conquered Ionia (Greek controlled territory in Anatolia)
2. Ionian Greeks revolted with the help of Athens
3. Darius squashed the rebellion and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge
Battle of Marathon (490BC)
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1. Greeks won even though they were outnumbered (10,000 Greeks to 25,000 Persians)
2. a young runner Pheidippides raced the 25 miles back to Athens with news of the victory and then
collapsed and died
Marathon
Battle of Thermopylae (480BC)
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1. Xerxes (Darius’s son) tried to crush Greece – marched into Greece with about 300,000
2. King Leonidas led a group of 300 Spartans and about 7000 other Greeks at Thermopylae held
them for 3 days; all the Greeks were killed, but the Persians lost an estimated 50,000
3. Persians won
Thermopylae
Thermopylae
King Leonidas
Warriors from 300
Spartan Soldier
Phalanx
Battle of Thermopylae
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Greeks)
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Battle of Salamis (480BC)
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1. Themistocles knew to defeat the Persians, he had to attack the Persian navy and supply ships
2. the 360+ Greek ships easily defeated the 1200+ Persians at the Battle of Salamis, ending the
threat of another Persian invasion Greece
Salamis
Battle of Plataea (479BC)
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1. the Battle of Plataea was the last battle of the war
2. Greeks won
Consequences of the Persian Wars
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1. Greek city-states felt a new sense of confidence and freedom
2. Athens became the leader of the Delian League – a military alliance of 140 city-states
3. Athens entered its Golden Age
Closing Activity
Turn to page 66 in your notes. You’ll need a book to fill in the chart. Then answer the
four questions at the bottom of the page. Be ready to share out.