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IONIAN REVOLT WHY? • Persia took control of all Greek city-states along coast of Asia Minor in 547 BC Where? Region known as Ionia off the coast of Asia Minor, east of Greece When? • 499 BCE What? • Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian rule – Sought aid from mainland Greece – Put up a fierce resistance to Persians • Revolt defeated in 494BCE Who? • Only Athens and Eretria responded to Ionian plea for aid • DARIUS I Persian emperor BATTLE OF MARATHON Why? • Darius I determined to punish Athens and Eretria for aiding Ionian rebellion – Darius sent fleet to Greece – goal to conquer both city-states – teach Greece a lesson it would never forget What? • Eretria fell to Persians • Persians enter Where? plain of Marathon and head for Athens – Athenians debate strategy • request reinforcements from Sparta – Athens had won battle When? 490 BC Who? • Darius (Persians) and Miltiades (Athens) AFTERMATH OF MARATHON • Athenians saw victory at Marathon as vindication of their adoption of democratic reforms of Cleisthenes – More democratic reforms followed • More elected offices opened up to demos • Introduction of practice of ostracism – To check against overly ambitious men – To make a clear-cut decision between conflicting policies advocated by different individuals • Athens also embarked on huge naval construction program – Financed by silver in Laurium – Resulted in fleet of 200 ships BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE: A NEW ATTACK BATTLE OF SALAMIS: Where? • When? August, 480 BC, bad news of Battle of Thermopylae • Athens evacuated to Salamis • Where? Strait between Piraeus and Salamis Island, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens. What? –Athenians tricked Persians –Smaller, more maneuverable Athenian ships led by Who? Themistocles then destroyed Persian fleet •Xerxes withdrew back to Asia Minor FINAL VICTORIES: Who? • Xerxes had 300,000 in Greece • Spartan commander Pausanias in plain below at Plataea – Spartans achieved victory • Later, Athenian navy liberated Ionian citystates • Alliance of Sparta Athens PROBLEMS AMONG THE GREEKS • Sparta should have led an alliance designed to protect Greece – But this did not happen • Because Spartan army could never be gone from city for long because of danger of helot uprising – Could not therefore provide long-range military leadership required • Persians still raided Asia Minor – Naval power required to handle this threat • Athens therefore became the head of new Greek alliance DELIAN LEAGUE • New alliance known as Delian League (478-77 BC) – Sparta created smaller alliance called Peloponnesian League • Purpose of Delian League was offensive and defensive – Athens dominated decisionmaking process – Military commanders were all Athenians – Athens administered finances and took 50% of all loot • Athens dominated the Delian League from the very start EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY • Athenian democracy continued to evolve under reforms of Pericles – Fundamental motivation was military necessity • With rise of Athenian naval power, the military importance of rowers increased – Generally poor men who did hard physical labor for low pay under hazardous conditions – Generally were not citizens • Began to pressure government for political participation and rights • Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby paved the way for an expansion of democracy in Athens CIMON vs PERICLES • Pericles’ most powerful rival was Cimon – Successful general and talented speaker – Advocated pro-Spartan foreign policy • Pericles advocated opposite policy – Advocated crippling Sparta before she would take inevitable revenge on Athens Pericles Cimon PERICLES WINS • Cimon insulted by Spartans when he arrived to help them put down revolt by helots – Pericles used episode to work up public opinion against Cimon • Cimon ultimately ostracized • Pericles’ anti-Spartan orientation became official Athenian policy – Athens makes alliance with Spartan enemies, Argos and Thessaly Athenians Spartans VS. Even after the Persian Wars ended, the Persian threat remained. Athens persuaded most of the citystates (except Sparta) to ally against the enemy. This alliance became known as the Delian League b/c the treasury was made on the island of Delos. Athens provided naval and land forces while other city-states provided money and ships Delian League succeeded in freeing Ionia from Persian rule and sweeping the Aegean free from pirates Overseas trade expanded, and Greece grew richer. Athens gradually began to dominate other city-states Pericles used part of the treasury to build the Parthenon. As Athen’s trade and political influence grew, some city-states formed an alliance opposed to Athens Sparta, a long-standing Athenian rival, became the leader of the anti-Athens alliance. Since Sparta was located in Peloponnesus, the war became known as the Peloponnesian War. Sparta’s fear and jealousy of Athens were so strong that the Spartans made a deal with the Persians to return Ionia to Persian control. In exchange, Sparta received gold to build its own fleet 430 B.C. – a plague weakened Athens. More than 1/3 of pop. Die, including Pericles. Eventually, several allies of Athens switched sides and joined the Spartan-led alliance. The Spartans destroyed the Athenian fleet and laid siege to Athens itself 404 B.C. – Athens surrendered. Disaster for both the winner and the loser City-states declined in population Fields and orchards destroyed Unemployment led to mercenaries, or hired soldiers, in the Persian army Greeks lost their ability to govern themselves Forgot about common good and thought only of money. 371 B.C. - A new alliance of city-states, led by Thebes overthrew the harsh incompetent Spartan rulers. Thebans were also later overthrown. City-states became weaker than ever. When Macedonians threatened Greece in the 350’s B.C., the city-states were unable to resist. END OF THE GOLDEN AGE Thebes By 336, Thebes was completely Wasted itsexhausted Thebes then and all of Greece advantage in thewas emerged as in a state ofpower chronic population and supreme decay resources inand a in Greece series of now to immediately Too weak Thev defend useless wars tried toagainst itself an anyestablish foreign invader empireto attack who decided Greece