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GREECE: THE BIRTHPLACE OF DEMOCRACY AND MUCH, MUCH MORE!!! • • • • – ¾ of land is mountains – Mt. Olympus is the highest (home of the gods) – Made transportation difficult (took Sparta nearly a week to travel 60 miles to Olympics) – Affected political life with a collection of small independent city-states, not one large government No navigable rivers—the people could not trade over land Great weather The men stayed mostly outdoors in the market (agora), gymnasium, political meetings, civic and religious meetings, theatre Easy to take part in civic life MINOANS • The Minoans were a seafaring civilization that thrived on trade. The isolation of the island created safety. • Women enjoyed more equality than in other civilizations. • Had a very advanced society – Flushing Toilets – Used Bronze – Festivals and Sporting Events WHO WERE THE MYCENAEANS? • Migrants from India and Mesopotomia • The Kings had advanced weapons and tools of bronze, but ordinary people still used wood and stone tools. • The villages of the Myceneans were ruled by warrior kings who built stone fortresses and lived within them. THE MYCENEANS WERE CONSTANTLY AT WAR THE MOST FAMOUS OF WHICH WAS THE TROJAN WAR. GREEK RELIGION • The Olympics were held in honor of the gods • The Greeks imagined their gods to be a lot like humans • They had their passions/weaknesses (love, hate, fear, jealousy) • They were quarrelsome, but they were immortal. • Greeks developed myths about their gods and goddesses and used these myths to understand the mysteries of nature/life. GREEK CITY-STATES • After the Dark Ages, the “polis” developed that is a city-state (a city and its surrounding land). • All citizens (free adult males) were expected to serve the polis – Meetings were held in the agora (market place) or the Acropolis (the fortified hilltop). – Armies of citizens formed and made iron weapons. – Every citizen was expected to be a soldier for his polis. – Hoplites (foot soldiers with armor, spear, and shield) developed. – The phalanax developed - the most powerful fighting machine of its day. Sparta • Spartans worked to create a strong city-state: – only healthy children were allowed to live – boys were trained for the army at 7 – life in army training was harsh to toughen the soldiers up – men remained in the army until the age of 30; then in reserves – women were healthy and vigorous; exercised and played sports; could not vote – created such a strong army, left little time to be creative in the arts Athens Athens created a democracy through the reforms of two men. • Solon 594 BC – all male citizens were allowed to attend assembly – all citizens were responsible for justice • Cleisthenes 508 BC –increased the power of the assembly –created the Council of Five Hundred to propose new laws and advise the Results of the Persian War • Persian invaded Athens and the Athenians won. • Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state. • Athens became the leader of the Delian League with the purpose of preventing future Persian attacks. Golden Age of Greece Around 461 BC, Pericles (a hero from the Persian wars) became the leader of Athens. – He strengthened democracy • increased the number of paid government positions – Increased the wealth and power of Athens • used the Delian League’s dues to build up the navy – Beautified Athens • built the Parthenon (built in classical architecture Peloponesian War City-states began to resent Athens. In 431 BC Sparta invaded Athens. In 404 BC, Athens was defeated by the Spartans. This brought an end to the Golden Age of Greece. Socrates believed you could find truth by asking questions - Socratic method. Philosophers Plato: one of Socrates pupils; searched for answers to questions like, “What is love? What is ethical behavior? and What is the best kind of government?” Writings are in the form of dialogues; a famous dialogue is The Republic. Aristotle: one of Plato’s students; tried to find truth by studying the natural world around him; used scientific method. Peloponnesian War • Seriously Weakened the two strongest citystates in Greece • Sparta and Athens • However, since many city-states aided them as well, they too became embroiled in the fierce conflict • The Delian League and the Peloponnesian League Philip II of Macedon •Became King at age 23 •Brilliant General and ruthless politician •He created a powerful army out of peasant farmers •Increased the number of infantry in the phalanx and doubled the length of the spears •He then augmented his infantry with cavalry •He used this to unify Macedonia then he turned to the rest of Greece “For the Sake of ruling and wielding power, he has had an eye gouged out, his shoulder crushed, both his hand and his leg mutilated; he jettisons whatever part of his body fate wants to take away so long as he can live in honor and glory with what is left. . .” Demosthenes So why do we not remember Philip? • Because his son just happens to be one of the greatest conquerors the world has ever seen! • Alexander, the Great • Became king at the age of 20 • Taught by Aristotle • He would conquer the Persian Empire, the ancient enemy of Greece • Here Alexander is depicted riding his legendary horse Bucephalus • Here Darius III is depicted at the Battle of Gaugamela • He looks sad Alexandrian Legacy: Hellenism • While Alexander was a Great General, his most lasting achievement was a melding of Greek and Eastern Culture called Hellenism • Could it be argued that while Greece conquered Persia, Persian Culture conquered Greece? Greek Persian Hellenistic Culture Egyptian Indian Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy divided Alexander’s empire. Why do you think that they scorned the traditional Greek methods of democratic governance and chose to rule with complete power? Alexander also fostered huge city building projects such as the City of Alexandria This is the legendary Pharos or light tower of Egypt Match-up: •Proposed that the earth and other planets revolve around the Sun •Taught that the greatest good and pleasure can come only from virtuous conduct and absence of pain •Invented the study of geometry •Accurately estimated the value of pi •Calculated the Earth’s true size •Believed that People should live harmonious lives in communion with natural law Look in section 5 to find each Hellenistic thinker!