Download ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL GREECE

The Ancient Greeks
The Early Greeks
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
• Greece is a small country in Europe.
• Mountainous land framed by water.
• To the west is the Ionian Sea, and to the south is the
Mediterranean Sea, and to the East is the Aegean
Sea.
• Hundreds of Islands lie offshore, that lead to Asia.
• Mainland Greece is a peninsula.
• They made a living from the sea, and some places
they were able to grow wheat, barley, olives, and
grapes.
MAP WARS!
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Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Macedonia
Asia Minor
Rhodes
Aegean Sea
Athens
Sparta
Peloponnesus
Crete
Troy
Olympia
Thebes
Marathon
Persian Empire
Thermopylae
Salamis
Greece
19. Mount Olympus
20. Knossos
Roles: 2 illustrating and 4 researching
Chapter 4, starting on p. 116.
PHYSICAL MAP OF AREA
MINOAN SOCIETY
• Island of Crete
– Lies southeast of the Greek mainland.
• Knossos (NAH-suhs)
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Minoan (muh-NOH-uhn) society arose on Crete, 2000 B.C.E.
Minoans were not Greeks, but they the first to arise in the region.
Palace at Knossos revealed the riches of an ancient society.
Takes name from legendary king of Knossos, Minos
Made their wealth from trade: marble, artifacts, cloth.
Built ships from oak and cedar trees and sailed as far as Egypt and
Syria.
• Decline of Minoan Society 1450 B.C.
THE ISLAND OF CRETE
Wrap up:
Around 1450 B.C., the Minoan
society suddenly collapsed.
Give 3 factors that may have
contributed to the collapse of
the Minoans?
Review
• What do you remember
concerning the Minoan
society?
Palace at Knossos
Palace at Knossos
Labyrinth: In Greek Mythology, built for King Minos of
Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, a
mythical creature that was half man and half bull and was
eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus.
Theseus Slaying
Minotaur (1843)
Minotaur
Poseidon
The First Greek
Kingdoms
MYCENAEAN GREECE
• Mycenaean society
– Indo-European (Central Asia). Immigrants settled in area, 1900 B.C.E.
– Heinrich Schliemann discovered a walled palace in Mycenae (my-SEEnee). He named the people of this civilization the Mycenaean's.
– Fortified Palaces: Ruler lived there, surrounded by giant stone walls.
– Collected wheat, livestock, and honey as taxes.
– 1400 B.C. Replaced the Minoans as the major power on the
Mediterranean Sea.
– Most famous victory occurred in the Trojan War. King Agamemnon
used trickery to win the war.
ANCIENT GREECE
Mycenaean Civilization
1. What group of people inhabited large portions of mainland Greece in
1300 BCE? Who led these people in their capital (map still at 11:13)?
2. What was the Iliad, and who wrote it?
3. What was the Lion’s Gate, and what did it portray for
Mycenae? What architectural building technique did this structure
introduce, and what did this later evolve into to build the tholos?
Review:
Minoans vs Mycenaean
• Venn Diagram
THE GREEK DARK AGES
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1100 B.C. and 750 B.C.
– Called Dark Ages due to loss of writing/Poverty set
in and people stopped teaching others
– A period of migration and warfare
– Dorians settled in Peloponnesus. Brought Iron
weapons
– By 1100 B.C., Mycenaean civilization had collapsed
– Eventually, through trade, Greeks picked up the idea
of the alphabet from the Phoenicians.
– Greek Alphabet: 24 letters that stood for different
sounds. Reading and writing became much easier.
Examples
A move to Colonize
Wrap up:
Give three examples to why the
Greeks colonize?
THE POLIS
• Greek City-State
– Polis = city-state; Poleis = city-states/Like an
independent country
– Metropolis = city of polis
– Acropolis = fortified center of city/Safe refuge
in case of attacks/Religious center
– Agora = Open area/Market and Debate
– Boundaries shaped by geography
– Terms of politics come from POLIS
• Politics, politic, politician, polite, polity
• Police, metropolis, metroplex
• Most important
– Athens
– Sparta
Agora
Acropolis
Parthenon: Dedicated to the
maiden Goddess, Athena
Greek Citizenship
Free Native-Men Who Owned Land
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To assemble peacefully
To choose officials
To make laws
To own property
To vote
To hold office
To defend themselves in
court
Responsibility of Greek
citizens
1. It was their DUTY to serve in
the government.
2. To fight for their polis as
citizen soldiers (hoplites)
- Carried a round shield, a
short sword, and a 9 foot
spear/Phalanx Formation
POLITICAL FORMS
• Archon: Greek for “ruler” – English “archy”
• Kratien: Greek for “to rule” – English “cracy”
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Demos: People – Democracy (direct election)
Aristos: The Best – Aristocracy (nobles)
Oligos: The Few – Oligarchy (rule by select few)
Monos: One – Monarchy (rule by a king)
Di: Two – Diarchy (Sparta’s state had 2 kings)
An: None – Anarchy (No government)
Theos: God – Theocracy (Rule by priests, religion)
Geron: Old Man – Gerontocracy (rule by elderly)
Pater: Father – Patriarchy (rule by males)
Mater: Mother – Matriarchy (rule by women)
Auto: Self – Autocracy (dictatorial rule)
Tyrannos: Tyrant – Tyranny (rule by a dictator)
Ethnos: Ethnic or locals – Ethnarchy (rule by the local people)
Tyranny in the City-States
• Kings ruled the first Greek Communities.
At the end of the Dark Ages, the Nobles
who owned large farms had seized power
from the kings.
• Tyrants-someone who takes power by force
and rules with total authority. 600 B.C.
Overthrew the nobles.
• 500 B.C. Most city-states became either
Oligarchies or Democracies.
• Sparta-Oligarchy
• Athens-Democracy
Sparta
• Founded by Dorians (Greeks who invaded
the Peloponnesus in the Dark Ages)
• Conquered and enslaved their
neighbors/Helots “Capture”
• By 6th century B.C.E., helots outnumbered
Spartans by 10 to 1
• Located on Peloponnesus
• No interest in statues, temples, education,
arts, travel
• Willing to DIE for their city!
Military
• Feared Helots would rebel
• Age seven, boys left their families to
live in barracks
• At age 20, entered regular army
• 10 more years in barracks
• Came home, but stayed in the Army
until age 60
• Win or Die
• Girls trained in sports – but to keep
fit and become healthy mothers
Sparta’s Government
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Oligarchy
Two kings
Council of Elders: 28 citizens over the age of 60,
presented laws to an assembly
Assembly voted on laws and chose 5 people to be
ephors.
Discouraged foreign visitors
Banned travel abroad
Frowned upon citizens who studied literature
The Spartans controlled the Helots for nearly 250
years.
Fell behind the Greeks in trade, science, and other
subjects.
LACONIA: SPARTA
Athens
• Northwest of Sparta (2 day trip)
• Boys educated in math, literature, science,
writing, sports, singing and playing
musical instrument. Well rounded!
• Finished school at 18 and became citizens
• Girls taught by moms to spin, weave, and
other household duties
A Budding Democracy
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Solon (SOH-luhn) and Athenian democracy
– Solon forged a compromise between the classes
– All male citizens could participate in the
assembly and law courts
– Council of 400 wealthy citizens wrote the laws,
but assembly had to pass them
Cleisthenes KLYS-thuh-neez ( Made Athens a
Democracy ,508 B.C.E.)
– Reorganized the assembly
– All males citizens could belong to the assembly
and vote on laws
– Debate openly, hear court cases, and appoint
generals
– Created council of 500 citizens to help the
assembly (proposed laws, dealt with foreign
countries, and oversaw the treasury)
– Council: members chosen each year in a lottery,
– Why?
ATHENIAN SOLDIER OATH
Primary Source:
Identify six things each soldier promises to
protect in taking the oath.
THE GREEK WORLD
GREEK MILITARY
• Based on citizen soldiers
– Lightly armed, armored foot soldiers (Hoplites)
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Carry shields, long spear
All citizens had to furnish own arms, armor
All citizens expected to fight in army, navy
All citizens had military training in school
– Fought in massed formations called Phalanx
• Very useful in rugged terrain; used 10’ long pikes
• Easily defeats massed cavalry favored by others
• Greek navy
– Rowed vessels called galleys
• Most famous was the trireme or three oar banked
• Rowed by free citizens
• Fought by ramming other vessels; than hand to hand
– Greek fleets included larger vessels
• Equites or mounted troops were aristocrats
Persia Attacks
the Greeks
Persian Empire
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Current day southwestern Iran
Warriors and Nomads
Cyrus the Great (559 B.C.-530 B.C.) : united Persians
into a powerful kingdom. Built an Empire larger than
any yet seen in the world.
Conquered Babylon, Northern Mesopotamia, Asia
Minor, Syria, Canaan, and the Phoenician Cities.
Leaders who followed Cyrus conquered Egypt,
western India, and Thrace.
Approximately the size of the Continental United
States.
Persian Government
• King Darius (521 B.C.)
• Divided the empire into 20 Provinces called
satrapies (SAY-truh-peez).
• Each was ruled by an official with the title
Satrap (SAY-trap) “protector of the
kingdom.”
Satrap: tax collector, judge, chief of police,
head recruiter for the Persian army.
• Military: Paid people to be soldiers.
10,000 were Immortals who
guarded the king.
The Persian Wars
• The Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.)
 20,000 Persian soldiers on the plain of Marathon,
a short distance from Athens.
 Athenians had 10,000 men.
 Persian were impatient and loaded the
horsemen onto the ships, the strongest part of
the Persian army.
 Greeks charged down from the hills and
defeated the Persian foot soldiers standing in the
water.
 Legend- A messenger named Pheidippides
raced 25 miles to from Marathon to Athens.
“Victory” was his last breath.
Battle of Salamis 480 B.C.
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Xerxes vowed revenge
Launches invasion of Greece (180,000 troops, thousands of
warships, and supply vessels)
Athenians and Spartans join forces
Leonidas
Athens provided the Navy.
Athenian General, Themistocles: Cut off food supply
Thermopylae: narrow pass through the mountains that was
easy to defend.
7,000 Greek soldiers held off Persians for two days
“Persian arrows would darken the sky.”
“This is good news. We will fight in the shade.”
Traitor/Persians mounted a rear attack/Leonidas fought to the
death/Greeks lose the battle of Thermopylae
Gave Athens enough time to assemble 200 ships.
Battle of Salamis 480 B.C.
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Greek fleet attacked the Persian fleet in the strait of
Salamis
Greek ships: smaller, faster, and easier to steer
Persian ships: Big, easy targets.
Greeks almost destroyed entire fleet/Persian Army
marched on to Athens/Greeks fled
Burned the city of Athens
497 B.C. Formed the largest Greek army ever
assembled: solid body armor, longer spears, and better
training.
Crushed the Persian Army at Plataea (Northwest of
Athens)
Persians retreated to Asia Minor/By 330 B.C., the last
Persian King was dead, and Alexander ruled
The Age of
Pericles
PEHR-uhKLEEZ
The Athenian Empires
• 478 B.C. Dalian League
(Alliance): promised to defend
its members against the
Persians
 Headquarters: Island of
Delos/Eventually became an
Athenian Empire
Democracy in Athens
• Direct Democracy: mass meetings to decide
on government matters. Every citizen can
vote firsthand on laws and policies:
 Small number of citizens
 43,000 males over 18
 6,000 attended meetings
 Met every 10 days
 Passed all laws, elected officials, and made
decisions on war and foreign affairs
 Ten officials, generals, carried out laws and
policies
Representative
Democracy(United States)
Fact or Opinion Activity:
Compare and contrast both types
of democracy and determine
which one is more efficient.
Age of Pericles
• Guided Athens from 461 B.C.-429 B.C.
• Dominated Dalian League:
Treated city-states like subjects, demanded
loyalty and steady payments
• Democratic at home:
-lower-class could run for office
-Poor citizens could be a part of the inner
circle
-Time of creativity and learning
-supported artist, architects, writers, and
philosophers
-Called Athens, “The school of Greece.”
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
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In 431, shortly after the Peloponnesian War had broken out, Pericles
delivered his famous Funeral Oration to commemorate those troops who
had already fallen in battle. In the speech Pericles relates the special
qualities of the Athenians, redefining many traditional Greek virtues in a
radical new light.
The idea that the Athenians are able to put aside their petty wants and
strive for the greater good of the city is a central theme of the speech.
Bound together by bonds of mutual trust and a shared desire for
freedom, the people of Athens submit to the laws and obey the public
officials not because they have to, as in other cities, but because they
want to. Athenians had thus achieved something quite unique - being
both ruled and rulers at one and the same time. This had forged a unique
type of citizen. Clever, tolerant, and open minded, Athenians were able
to adapt to any situation and rise to any challenge. They had become the
new ideal of the Greek world.
Pericles' view was obviously a very idealized one, and it ignored the
realities of party factionalism, selfishness, and arrogance that were to
soon manifest after his death.
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• Pericles Rebuilds Athens
– Athens experiences a Golden Age
– Pericles turns Delian states into Athenian colonies
• 30 Year War (431-404 B.C.E.)
– Athens and Allies vs. Sparta and Allies
– Costly victories/defeats and plague wreck city
– Unconditional surrender of Athens, 404 B.C.E.
• Hegemony first by Sparta and then by Thebes
– Constant warfare between leagues, allies
– Spartan hegemony replaced by Theban
– Greece horribly weakened
– Athens remained intellectual center of Greece