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Transcript
Opening Assignment THIS IS A MACHINE THAT REQUIRES SEVERAL PARTS TO DO ITS JOB. THINK ABOUT ITS JOB THEN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: - ARE THERE ANY PARTS YOU CAN TAKE OUT AND IT STILL FUNCTION? - ARE THERE ANY PARTS THAT YOU ABSOLUTELY CANNOT REMOVE WITHOUT CHANGING ITS FUNCTION? 1 Basic Structure of a Cell 2 Discovery of the Cell • Robert Hooke (1665) → examined a slice of cork under the microscope, he saw boxes that he called cells • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) → looked at pond water and found small living organisms – “animalcules” 3 Formation of the Cell Theory • Matthias Schleiden → cells compose every part of plants • Theodor Schwann → cells compose every part of animals • Rudolph Virchow → cells come only from other cells Rudolph Virchow 4 The Cell Theory 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function 3. Cells are produced only from existing cells 5 History & Discovery Questions • What are some ways our knowledge has advanced regarding cells, based on the developments done by these & other scientists? (think of some current research being done and information in the news) • Think about the part of the cell theory that states cells are produced only from preexisting cells. What does this mean? What does it make you think about? 6 Review of Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 7 Number of Cells Organisms may be: • Unicellular – composed of one cell • Multicellularcomposed of many cells that may organize 8 Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles – small single-celled Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) – larger than prokaryotes and can be either unicellular or multicellular 9 Prokaryote & Eukaryote Questions • If Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus does that mean that they do not have any DNA? • Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, which are specialized to perform specific cellular tasks. What characteristic of life does this best coincide with? 10 Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell wall • Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm 11 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell 12 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm 13 ORGANELLES & OTHER STRUCTURES OF THE CELL 14 Nucleolus Nucleolus Make the ______________ 15 Ribosomes Ribosomes Site of _____________ (the production of proteins) Located freely or more often on the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum 16 Proteins Protein End ___________ of the cell Gives structure /characteristics and function to cells & whole organisms. 17 Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum Newly made proteins fold & assemble into their complete structure. The ER will serve as ____________________ of the proteins making sure they have their correct structure in order to function 18 Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus Also known as Golgi Body or Golgi Complex ___________________(add carbs chains if needed), ___________________, and _______________ proteins for export to final destination Transports lipids as well Creates the lysosomes 19 Lysosome Lysosome Contain Digestive ___________________ (____________________ ____________________) Break down food & worn out cell parts for the cell All lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases that are active at pH of 5 which are rendered inactive if released in the cytoplasm which has a pH of 7.2 20 21 22 Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes 23 More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics 24 Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place 25 More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion 26 Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable 27 Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable 28 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration 29 In Animal Cells: Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP 30 Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis 31 Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable 32 Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells 33 Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell 34 Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments 35 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells root hair Root Hair Cell 36 vacuole cytoplasm nucleus mitochondrion glycogen granule Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy cell membrane 37 Animal Cell Organelles • Near the nucleus • Paired structures • Help cell divide 38 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell Amoeba red blood cell muscle cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell Paramecium 39 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria 40 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Plant cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular shape Regular shape No cell wall Cell wall present 41 Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Plant cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen as food storage Starch as food storage Nucleus at the center Nucleus near cell wall 42 Microscopes 43 Compound Microscope • Instrument for observing small objects • Magnify images up to 2000X their size 44 Different parts of a compound microscope 45 Revolving nosepiece Eyepiece Clip Body tube Coarse adjustment Fine adjustment Condenser Arm Iris diaphragm Stage Objective Mirror Condenser control knob Base 46 Electron Microscope • Transmission EM (TEM) – Uses a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of very thinly sliced specimen on screen or photographic plate – Image focused by magnetic lenses – 200,000X magnification – Cannot be used to view living specimens 47 • Scanning EM (SEM) – 3D image – Specimens not sliced for viewing – Surface sprayed with fine metal coating – Also uses electron beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates – 100,000X magnification – Cannot be used to view living specimens 48 The cell is the Basic Unit of Life • Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms • Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only • The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions – e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption 49 Levels of organization • Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions 50 Tissue • A group of similar cells to perform a particular function – Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue – Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll 51 Organ • Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions – Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels – Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue 52 The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Chloroplast Palisade Mesophyll Cell Spongy Mesophyll Cell Air Space Stoma 53 The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) 54 System • Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way – Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems – Plant : root and shoot systems 55 Human Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System 56 Examples of a Human Body System 57 Examples of a Human Body System The Respiratory System 58 Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System 59 Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System 60 Levels of Organization CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells) TISSUES (muscle, epithelium) ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach) SYSTEMS (circulatory system) ORGANISM (human) 61 It’s You! 62