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THE CELL
“The body’s building material”
 Basic
unit of life
 smallest units
that can
maintain life
and reproduce
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What do living things have in
common?
All living things are made of
tiny units, called cells.
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INTRODUCTION
• In 1665, Robert Hooke introduced the term “CELL”
because the cellulose walls of dead cork cells reminded
him of the blocks of cells occupied by monks.
• In 1673, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered blood
cells, spermatozoa, and a lively world of “animalcules”.
• Cell theory was not formulated for nearly 200
years after the introduction of microscopy.
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•The NUCLEUS was observed by Robert Brown in 1833 as a
constant component of plant cells. Next, the nuclei were
also observed and recognized as such in some animal cells.
•Finally, a living substance called PROTOPLASM was
recognized within cells.
•After these discoveries, CELLS were considered to contain
living material.
• In 1839, Thedore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden
recognized that some organisms are unicellular and
others multicellular.
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Introduction to Cell
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
(1670)
Robert Hooke (1665)
Robert Brown (1831)
Matthias Schleiden
(1838)
Theodor Schwann
(1838)
Johannes Purkinje
(1839)
Rudolf Virchow (1858)
1) first to use the term "protoplasm"
2) while studying cork, he was the first to use the term "cell"
3) stated that all new cells come from other living cells
4) studied many microscopic organisms using a strong simple
microscope
5) stated that all plants are composed of cells
6) stated that all animals are composed of cells
7) "discovered" the nucleus
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THE CELL THEORY :
1. all living things are made up of
cells & the products of those cells
2. all cells carry out their own life
functions
3. new cells come from other living
cells
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Classification of Living Things
KINGDOM NAME
MONERA
PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANT
ANIMAL
KEY CHARACTERISTICS
EXAMPLES
UNICELLULAR
PROKARYOTIC
BACTERIA
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
MOSTLY UNICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
SOME COLONIAL
AMEBA
PARAMECIUM
EUGLENA
ALGAE
MOSTLY MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
HETEROTROPHIC
SESSILE
MUSHROOMS
MOLDS & MILDEWS
YEAST (unicellular)
MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
AUTOTROPHIC
SESSILE
CELL WALLS made of CELLULOSE
MOSS
FERNS
FLOWERING PLANTS
BUSHES
TREES
MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
HETEROTROPHIC
MOTILE
SPECIALIZED SENSE ORGANS
INSECTS
JELLYFISH, HYDRA
CRABS
FISH
BIRDS
LIONS,TIGERS,BEARS
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Biologic Molecules of Cells
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic
Acids
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TWO CLASSES OF CELLS
EUKARYOTES: Cells with specialized
compartments, as stated above.
PROKARYOTES: Cells which are simpler and
generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.
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Bacterial Cell
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Plant Cell Organelles
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Animal Cell
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What is an Organelle?
Carry out the individuals task of gaining
and working with energy, also directing
the overall behavior of the cells.
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Organelle and its description
 NUCLEUS
Main planner of the cell. Contains DNA and
RNA & manufactures proteins.
 MITOCHONDRIA
 Energy
producers of the cell.
 RIBOSOMES
 Produce
proteins.
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 ENDOPLASMIC
 transports
 GOLGI
RETICULUM
proteins from the nucleus.
BODIES
 produces
and packages proteins.
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What are the important parts of
cells?
 CELL
 This
 CELL
MEMBRANE
surrounds the cell.
WALL
a
stiff wall that surrounds the cell
membrane.
 CYTOPLASM
 packaging
of the cell.
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AN ILLUSTRATION OF CELL PARTS
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What are the processes which
the cell engages in?
 DIFFUSION
 How
food, air, and water gets in and out of
the cell.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
and CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
 How
the cell gets energy.
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LIFE FUNCTIONS
ABSORPTION
ASSIMILATION
CIRCULATION
DIFFERENTIATION
DIGESTION
EGESTION
EXCRETION
GROWTH
INGESTION
METABOLISM
NUTRITION
RESPIRATION
REGULATION
REPRODUCTION
SYNTHESIS
1. OBTAINING & THEN CHANGING MATERIALS INTO FORMS AN ORGANISM CAN USE
2. TAKING IN FOOD FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
3. THE BREAKDOWN OF COMPLEX FOOD MATERIALS INTO FORMS THE ORGANISM CAN USE
4. ELIMINATION OF INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL
5. PROCESS BY WHICH SUBSTANCES ARE TAKEN INTO THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM
6. PROCESS BY WHICH MATERIALS ARE DISTRIBUTED (MOVED) THROUGHOUT THE ORGANISM
7. RELEASE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM CERTAIN NUTRIENTS
8. CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF SIMPLE SUBSTANCES TO FORM COMPLEX SUBSTANCES
9. INCORPORATION OF MATERIALS INTO THE BODY OF AN ORGANISM
10. INCREASE IN SIZE
11. PROCESS BY WHICH CELLS BECOME SPECIALIZED FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
12. REMOVAL OF METABOLIC WASTES
13. PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
14. PROCESS BY WHICH ORGANISMS PRODUCE NEW ORGANISMS OF THEIR OWN KIND
15. THE SUM TOTAL OF ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS OCCURRING WITHIN THE CELLS OF AN ORGANISM
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SOME NOTES!
•The smallest known cells are a group of tiny bacteria called
mycoplasmas.
•It would require a sheet of about 10,000 human cells to
cover a head of a pin.
•Each human being is composed of more than
75,000,000,000,000 cells.
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