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Transcript
Cells The Basic Unit of Life Cytology: The Study of Cells Terms • Cell – the basic unit of life; all living things are made of cells • Cell wall – firm structure outside of plant cells made of cellulose that support the cell • Chlorophyll – green pigment that traps light energy used for photosynthesis • Chloroplast – organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place • Cilia – short, hair-like structures some cells have for movement • Compound light microscope – instrument that magnifies an object by using light and lenses • Cytoplasm – cell’s ‘fluid’ • Electron microscope – instrument that uses magnets and electrons to magnify very small objects • Eukaryote – a cell with a nucleus • Flagella – a whip-like ‘tail’ some cells have for movement • Golgi – membrane sacs that receive and repackage proteins • Mitochondria – organelle that produces energy for the cell by breaking down glucose (sugar) • Multicellular – an organism made of many cell that are specialized • Nucleus – organelle that contains the genetic code (DNA) • Organ – a group of tissues that function together • Organelle – a structure found in eukaryotic cells that performs a specific function; surrounded by a membrane • Organ system – a group of organs that function together • Plasma membrane – the boundary between the cell and it’s environment; controls what gets in or out • Prokaryote – a cell without a nucleus • Ribosome – an organelle that produces proteins for the cell • Rough endoplasmic reticulum – produces proteins for the cell • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – produces lipids for the cell • Tissue – a group of cells that function together • Unicellular – a cell composed of only one cell; Paramecium, amoeba • Vacuole – sac-like organelle that stores water, food or poisons ACOS - 4 • Describe the similarities and differences of cell organelles using diagrams and tables including– cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosome, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuole, chloroplast, and mitochondria ACOS - 4 • Classify organisms as prokaryotic or eukaryotic • Identify and define similarities and differences between the 5 kingdom and 6 kingdom classification systems ACOS – 5 • Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere – Recognize that cells differentiate to perform specific functions • Ex. Ciliated cells produce movement, nerve cells conduct electrical charges ACOS - 2 • Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, endocytosis – Identify functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids – Compare reactions of plant and animal cells in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions ACOS - 2 – Explain how surface area, cell size, temperature, light and pH affect cell activities – Apply the concept of fluid pressure to biological systems • Blood pressure, turgor pressure, bonds, strokes Cell Theory • Most important tool to cytology: Microscopes ACOS 1 • Light microscope - uses lenses to magnify light through the object • Electron microscope uses magnets to focus a beam of electrons through the object Types of Microscopes • • • • Light: Uses light and lenses Only magnifies 1500 x Live • Electron • Uses magnets and electrons to magnify • Magnifies 1,000,000 x • Not alive Cell Theory ACOS - 4 • 1665: Robert Hooke: looked at cork • Called little spaces ‘cells’ Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, 1678; Looked at pond water, teeth scum Saw one-celled ‘animicules’ (bacteria) Spirochete Cell Theory ACOS – 4 • Schleiden – botanist – ‘plants are made of cells’ Cell Theory ACOS – 4 • Schwann – zoologist/physician – ‘animals are made of cells’ Cell Theory ACOS – 4 • Virchow – physician – ‘cells come from other cells’ – ‘cells cause disease’ Main Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell: 1. 2. 3. Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Cytoplasm and organelles Nucleus Cell Membrane • Controls (regulates) what enters and exits the cells Cell Membrane Cytoplasm and Organelles • Cytoplasm = ‘ cell’s fluid’; mostly water Organelles Ribosomes = manufacture proteins Organelles • • • Rough Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER Folded membrane that forms a network of tubes and compartments + ribosomes to make proteins Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes • Manufactures – Lipids, – Steroid hormones Organelles Golgi body - membrane sacs that store and repackage proteins • Some proteins are ‘shipped out’ of the cell for use by other cells – Hormones; insulin Quiz: Cells 1 Which device would be used to observe ribosomes? – Magnifying lens; light microscope, electron microscope, petri dish Which device would be used to transfer small amounts of liquids? Petri dish, pipette, beaker, graduated cylinder, flask Which device would be best to measure mass? balance; graduated cylinder, flask, pipette Which structure manufactures proteins for the cell? smooth ER; rough ER; cell membrane; cytoplasm Which structure transports proteins around the cell? ribosomes; smooth ER; cytoplasm; rough ER Organelles Vacuoles - sacs that temporarily store: – Food – Water – Poisons (plants) Energy Organelles: 1. • • • Mitochondria Cellular respiration - sugar (glucose) is broken down to release energy Might = energy Mighty mitochondria Energy Organelles: 2. Chloroplasts • • Contain chlorophyll Photosynthesis Chloroplasts: • • Capture the sun’s energy and use it to: Photosynthesis - • Change carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into glucose (food) Cytoplasmic streaming Photosynthesis CO2 H2O Nucleus • 1. 2. Nucleus: membrane-bound organelle towards the center of the cell Enclosed by a membrane (membrane bound) DNA = determines inherited traits Movement Organelles • Cilia – hair-like projections on the outside of some cells for movement – Short – ‘oars’ – Paramecium – Lungs Paramecium Cilia Paramecium Stentor Vorticella Movement Organelles • Flagella • Whip like ‘tail’ • One or only a few • Movement Euglena Euglena-Flagella Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic • No nucleus • No organelles • Bacteria • Nucleus • Organelles • All other organisms Bacteria = Prokaryotes Eukaryote ACOS – 5 • Hierarchy of life – life becomes increasingly complex Hierarchy of organization Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms Organ Systems Organs Tissues Cells Organism Tissue Organ Cell Organ System Plant Cells • Cell Walls = outside covering • • • • Cellulose Strength Support ‘Square’ shape Plant Cells • Chloroplasts = contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis • Capture sun’s energy Plant Cells • Large water vacuoles = storage of water • ‘Water balloons’ • Keeps plants cells ‘full’ Animal Cells: • • • • • • Membranes Ribosomes ER Vacuoles Golgi Mitochondria • Nucleus • Cilia (some) • Flagella (some) Plant Cells • • • • • • Cell Membrane Ribosomes ER Vacuoles Golgi Mitochondria • • • • Nucleus Cell Wall Chloroplasts Large water vacuoles • No cilia, flagella • Animals: – Membrane – Ribosomes – ER – Vacuoles – Golgi – Mitochondria – Nucleus • Plants: – Membrane – Ribosomes – ER – Vacuoles – Golgi – Mitochondria – Nucleus – Cell wall – Water vacuole – Chloroplasts Cell Energy Respiration Photosynthesis Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis – process of combining carbon dioxide and water by capturing the energy from light • Light energy is stored in the bonds of carbon and hydrogen in the glucose Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Water 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Glucose Oxygen C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Water 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Reactants Glucose Oxygen C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Products Photosynthesis • What happens to the glucose? • Used immediately by the plant for energy – Growth, reproduction (fruits) • Leftover glucose is stored by the plant as starch (roots, stems, leaves) • Animals eat the plants (and the glucose and starch); food chain Food Chains • • • • • • • Energy flows from the: Light, to the… Plants, to the… Herbivores, to the … Carnivores, to the … Scavengers. Carbon dioxide returns to the air, back into the plants Respiration • Process of producing energy – Combine oxygen with glucose • Cells use the energy for: – Movement – Mitosis – Active transport of substances out of the cell – Making proteins and DNA Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Reactants Products Photosynthesis Plants and Algae 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration Animals and Fungi Aquatic Food Chains