* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cells are the
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Somatic cell nuclear transfer wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Artificial cell wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Cells Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke • Developed crude ________________ • Looked at ___________ under scope • Saw small squares, called _________ • (after monk’s cells) • Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Greatest Early _______________ • Good at ____________ specimens • First saw ___________ under a single lens scope • Cell Theory •Living things are composed of ________________________ •Cells are the _________________ of structure and function •Cells come from ___________________ cells How Big is a Cell? How Big is a Cell? _______ (diameter = 0.000008in) 20,000 bacterial cells = _______ Why Are Cells So Small? High __________________________ ratio!! Greater the SURFACE, more stuff gets ___________ of cell Greater the VOLUME, less stuff gets in or out; cell _________or is _______________ Characteristics of Cells Size Size varies-most are ______ Bacteria cell _________ Nerve cells ___________ Spinal Neuron-Over 3 feet long Sperm Cell- 25 Micrometers 2 Major Types of Cells •Prokaryotic Cell ___________ (usually ____________) with a small, _______________ of DNA. Usually ________________ •Eukaryotic Cell __________cells with ______________ functions and structures. Always _______________________ Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cells •In this unit we will study __________________cells •Microbiology = ___________________ cells •__________________________________ are eukaryotic cells •Multi-cellular organisms are usually made from many different types of cells (______________________) 3 Major Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell _____ major parts of cells: • Plasma Membrane • Controls passage of materials ________________of cell • Nuclear Region • Controls the _______________________ • Contains __________________ material • Cytoplasm • Contains __________________________ Internal Organization of Eukaryotic Cells Each cell contains miniature organs called _________ Each organelle performs ___________________ for the cell Cytoplasm • All of the area _________________ _____________ and the nucleus • Contains all of the _______________ within the cell. Ribosomes • Make ____________ from _______________ (AA); • Found ____________ or in cytosol. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) • Makes ___________ and _____________ them to other parts of the cells via ____________ (little packages). Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • _____________ proteins Golgi Apparatus • • Found ______________. Takes proteins from ER and ______________ to make them work; then sends them on their way (_____________ of the cell). Mitochondrion • • • _______________ of the cell. Takes in food and ____________________, which is broken down for energy Some cells have ____________________ mitochondrion than others. Cristae • Folds in the inner _____________________ of the mitochondria to increase the _______________area Nucleus • • Controls and coordinates cell activities. Contains ___________________ DNA converted to ____________ and stored in ___________. RNA sent out to cell as a _________________. Nucleus • • Surrounded by ____________________. Nuclear pores allow ____________________ nucleus. Nucleus Image Source: Miss Reed’s PowerPoint on Cells. Cytoskeleton • Scaffolding that gives cell shape. • Microfilaments -used for _______________ • Microtubules -thicker, __________________ Cilia and Flagella Cilia Flagellum • Help some cells _________________ • Some found in the lining of _______________ tract. Lysosomes • Contain _______________ enzymes • Breaks down ___________ • Can ___________________ cell. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds _______________material Centrioles • Set of _______________ that move _______________during mitosis Plasma Membrane • Selective _____________________________ and communication Plant Cell Organelles •Cell Wall ______________________ and gives cell shape •Vacuoles _____________________, water; gives plant cells shape •Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells, Used to _____________________________ Plant Cell Organelles Cell Transport Structure of Plasma Membrane • • • • Selectively Permeable allows some molecules _______; keeps others ___________ Phospholipid Bilayer ______heads on ______________________ of cell; _______ tails on inside of membrane Polar = Hydrophilic = _____________ Nonpolar = hydrophobic = water _____________ Why is there this arrangement of lipids? Cytoplasm and outside of cell is ___________ Molecules on the Plasma Membrane Carbohydrates Act as receptors; molecules attach to cell; tell it what to do Cholesterol Gives membrane shape; rigidity Proteins Anchor cytoskeleton; channel nutrients and other substances into the cell Protein Receptors coming out of plasma membrane Crossing the Plasma Membrane How do some substances pass through the membrane while others stay out? Materials moves across the membrane in two ways 1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ Passive Transport Diffusion movement of molecules from _______________________to low concentration _______________________ molecules, and water pass through the membrane by diffusion Equilibrium Occurs when equal amounts of a substance are on either side of the cell Osmosis • Osmosis diffusion of ______________ • Isotonic Solution Cells are at _____________; __________________ of water Hypertonic solution Cell is in a solution that has _______________ or other ions in it; water rushes out of the cell and the ______________ Hypotonic solution Cell is in a solution that has _____________________ or other ions in it; water rushes into the cell and the __________________ • • Tonicity in Red Blood Cells Active Transport Active Transport __________________ to transport large molecules into the cell ______________their concentration gradients 1. Cell Membrane Pumps carrier proteins pump ions _______________________________________ 2. Endocytosis _______________ of _________________particles or liquids by plasma membrane Cells take in __________ by endocytosis from blood Pinocytosis Endocytosis of _______________ 3. Exocytosis vesicle contents __________ by cell _________________ are transported by exocytosis Exocytosis Animation Endocytosis Animation From Cell to Organism Tissue Groups of __________ performing the same task Exp. Nerve Tissue transmits ________________________ Epithelial Tissue ___________________ outer layer Organ Groups of ______________ performing the same task Exp. Heart Circulate _______________ through body System Group of _______________ working together Exp. _________________ System _________________ system Organism Groups of __________________ working together Compound Light Microscope Parts to Know… I. Low power objective A. Base J. High power objective B. Pillar K. Body Tube C. Arm L. Ocular/Eyepiece D. Stage M. Coarse adjustment E. Slide F. Coverslip knob G. Stage clips N. Fine adjustment knob H. Light source/ O. Nosepiece Mirror P. Diaphragm