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Cells
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke
• Developed crude ________________
• Looked at ___________ under scope
• Saw small squares, called _________
• (after monk’s cells)
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Greatest Early _______________
• Good at ____________ specimens
• First saw ___________ under a single
lens scope
•
Cell Theory
•Living things are composed of ________________________
•Cells are the _________________ of structure and function
•Cells come from ___________________ cells
How Big is a Cell?
How Big is a Cell?
_______ (diameter = 0.000008in)
20,000 bacterial cells = _______
Why Are Cells So Small?
High __________________________ ratio!!
Greater the SURFACE, more stuff gets ___________ of cell
Greater the VOLUME, less stuff gets in or out; cell _________or
is _______________
Characteristics of Cells
Size
Size varies-most are ______
Bacteria cell  _________
Nerve cells ___________
Spinal Neuron-Over 3
feet long
Sperm Cell- 25 Micrometers
2 Major Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic Cell  ___________ (usually ____________) with
a small, _______________ of DNA. Usually ________________
•Eukaryotic Cell  __________cells with ______________
functions and structures. Always _______________________
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cells
•In this unit we will study __________________cells
•Microbiology = ___________________ cells
•__________________________________ are eukaryotic cells
•Multi-cellular organisms are usually made from many
different types of cells (______________________)
3 Major Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell
_____ major parts of cells:
• Plasma Membrane
• Controls passage of materials
________________of cell
• Nuclear Region
• Controls the _______________________
• Contains __________________ material
• Cytoplasm
• Contains __________________________
Internal Organization of
Eukaryotic Cells
Each cell contains miniature organs called _________
Each organelle performs ___________________ for
the cell
Cytoplasm
•
All of the area
_________________
_____________ and
the nucleus
•
Contains all of the
_______________
within the cell.
Ribosomes
•
Make ____________
from
_______________
(AA);
•
Found
____________ or in
cytosol.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
•
Makes ___________
and _____________
them to other parts
of the cells via
____________ (little
packages).
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
•
_____________ proteins
Golgi Apparatus
•
•
Found ______________.
Takes proteins from ER
and ______________ to
make them work; then
sends them on their
way (_____________ of
the cell).
Mitochondrion
•
•
•
_______________ of the
cell.
Takes in food and
____________________,
which is broken down
for energy
Some cells have
____________________
mitochondrion than
others.
Cristae
•
Folds in the inner
_____________________
of the mitochondria to
increase the
_______________area
Nucleus
•
•
Controls and
coordinates cell
activities. Contains
___________________
DNA converted to
____________ and
stored in ___________.
RNA sent out to cell as
a _________________.
Nucleus
•
•
Surrounded by
____________________.
Nuclear pores allow
____________________
nucleus.
Nucleus
Image Source: Miss Reed’s PowerPoint on Cells.
Cytoskeleton
•
Scaffolding that gives
cell shape.
• Microfilaments -used
for _______________
• Microtubules -thicker,
__________________
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia
Flagellum
•
Help some cells
_________________
•
Some found in the lining
of _______________
tract.
Lysosomes
•
Contain _______________
enzymes
•
Breaks down ___________
•
Can ___________________
cell.
Nuclear Membrane
•
Surrounds _______________material
Centrioles
•
Set of _______________
that move
_______________during
mitosis
Plasma Membrane
•
Selective _____________________________ and
communication
Plant Cell Organelles
•Cell Wall  ______________________ and
gives cell shape
•Vacuoles  _____________________,
water; gives plant cells shape
•Chloroplasts  Found only in plant cells,
Used to _____________________________
Plant Cell Organelles
Cell Transport
Structure of Plasma Membrane
•
•
•
•
Selectively Permeable  allows
some molecules _______; keeps
others ___________
Phospholipid Bilayer ______heads
on ______________________ of cell;
_______ tails on inside of membrane
Polar = Hydrophilic = _____________
Nonpolar = hydrophobic = water
_____________
Why is there this arrangement of lipids?
Cytoplasm and outside of cell is ___________
Molecules on the Plasma Membrane



Carbohydrates  Act as receptors; molecules
attach to cell; tell it what to do
Cholesterol  Gives membrane shape; rigidity
Proteins Anchor cytoskeleton; channel
nutrients and other substances into the cell
Protein Receptors
coming out of
plasma membrane
Crossing the Plasma Membrane
How do some substances pass through the
membrane while others stay out?
Materials moves across the membrane in two
ways
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
Passive Transport


Diffusion  movement of molecules from
_______________________to low concentration
_______________________ molecules, and
water pass through the membrane by diffusion
Equilibrium 
Occurs when equal
amounts of a substance
are on either side
of the cell
Osmosis
•
Osmosis  diffusion of ______________
•
Isotonic Solution Cells are at _____________;
__________________ of water
Hypertonic solution  Cell is in a solution that
has _______________ or other ions in it; water
rushes out of the cell and the ______________
Hypotonic solution Cell is in a solution that has
_____________________ or other ions in it; water
rushes into the cell and the __________________
•
•
Tonicity in Red Blood Cells
Active Transport
Active Transport  __________________ to
transport large molecules into the cell
______________their concentration gradients
1. Cell Membrane Pumps  carrier proteins pump
ions _______________________________________
2. Endocytosis  _______________ of
_________________particles or liquids by plasma
membrane
Cells take in __________ by endocytosis from blood
Pinocytosis  Endocytosis of _______________
3. Exocytosis  vesicle contents __________ by cell
_________________ are transported by exocytosis
Exocytosis Animation
Endocytosis Animation
From Cell to Organism
Tissue Groups of __________ performing the same task
Exp. Nerve Tissue  transmits ________________________
Epithelial Tissue  ___________________ outer layer
Organ  Groups of ______________ performing the same task
Exp. Heart  Circulate _______________ through body
System  Group of _______________ working together
Exp. _________________ System
_________________ system
Organism  Groups of __________________ working together
Compound Light
Microscope

Parts to Know…
I. Low power objective
A. Base
J. High power objective
B. Pillar
K. Body Tube
C. Arm
L. Ocular/Eyepiece
D. Stage
M. Coarse adjustment
E. Slide
F. Coverslip
knob
G. Stage clips N. Fine adjustment knob
H. Light source/ O. Nosepiece
Mirror
P. Diaphragm