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Domain II Organisms EOCT Review pages 5-7 1 • ATP is a nucleotide. • It is used as a source of energy in the cell. 2 • ATP releases energy as bonds are broken. • A–P–P–P This bond is broken • A–P–P + P This is ADP…which is a lower energy molecule than ATP. 3 • Cell use energy for: • • • • • • Respiration Photosynthesis (in plants) Digestion (in animals) Reproduction (meiosis) Active transport Growth and repair (mitosis) 4 Process Photosynthesis Cell Respiration Organelle where it occurs Chloroplast Cytoplasm and Mitochondria CO2 + H20 + LIGHT What is needed? CO2, H20, LIGHT Sugar (glucose) and Oxygen What is produced? Sugar (glucose) and Oxygen CO2, H20, 36 ATP Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen 5 • PLANTAE!!!!! • And…Some bacteria and some protists. 6 • Sugar (glucose) + Oxygen CO2 + H20 + 36 ATP 7 • All eukaryotic kingdoms perform respiration: – Plantae – Protista – Animalia – Fungi 8 • Autotroph; Producer 9 • Heterotroph; Consumer 10 • Fermentation is a process that occurs when there is not enough oxygen to run steps 2 (Krebs cycle)and 3 (Electron transport chain) of cell respiration. • It happens in the cytoplasm. 11 • The glucose is broken in half during step 1 of cell respiration (glycolysis) to form two pyruvate molecules. • The pyruvate is changed into lactic acid, which allows glycolysis to happen again. • You feel the lactic acid build up as a burning sensation in your muscles. 12 • Taxonomy is the scientific study of classifying organisms into groups based on characteristics. 13 • Homo sapiens • Homo = genus name • sapiens = species name. 14 • • • • • • • K P C O F G S 15 • A taxon (pl. taxa) is a level of classification. – K, P, C, O, F, G, and S are taxa. 16 • • • • • Similar DNA sequences (biochemistry) Physical similarities Geographic distribution Chromosome comparisons Breeding behavior 17 • It allows for an orderly study and makes comparisons between organisms possible. 18 • Evolutionary relationships are another way to determine how closely two species are related. 19 • Old bacterial kingdom = Monera • Scientists realized that some bacteria were as different from other bacteria as plants are from animals. – So, they needed to be in different kingdoms. • Thus, the birth of kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 20 • A tool used to determine the identity of an organism based on physical characteristics. 21 • A = house fly • B = Grasshopper • C = Ladybug • D = dragonfly 22 • A cladogram is a diagram showing evolutionary relationships and history between organisms. 23 • A.) Mosses • Technically it is the green algae ancestor, but of the clades listed, Mosses are the oldest. • B.) Ferns, Cone-bearing plants and Flowering plants • C.) Cone-bearing plants and flowering plants • D.) Flowering plants 19…don’t know why it is numbered 19….accept it and move on. Characteristic Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type PRO PRO EU EU EU EU # of cells 1 1 1+ Some 1+, most multi Multi multi Nucleus NO NO YES YES YES YES FOOD? Some auto/ some hetero Some auto/ some hetero Some auto/ Hetero some hetero Auto Hetero Cell wall? YES YES Some YES YES NO Photosyn? NO A few A few NO YES NO Ex: Thermophiles -E. Coli Methanogens -Staph -Strep Plants Animals Euglena -Mold Amoeba - Yeast Paramecium 24 • Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction that occurs in bacteria. It is very similar to mitosis: – 1.) The bacterial DNA is copied. – 2.) The copied DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell. – 3.) The cell splits in half forming two identical cells. 25 • Decomposers return nutrients into the soil (and atmosphere in the case of carbon (CO2) allowing the cycle to continue. 26 • Viruses are considered non-living because: – 1.) They cannot reproduce on their own. (They need a host). – 2.) They are not made of cells. – They are essentially a bag made of protein with DNA or RNA in the bag. 27 This is a BACTERIOPHAGE. (A virus that infects bacteria) Pay special attention to the CAPSID and the DNA. These are the two most important parts for you to know!!! 28 • In the lytic cycle, the virus: – 1.) completely takes over the cell – 2.) uses the cell’s organelles to make new viruses – 3.) causes the cell to explode, releasing the new viruses. These are very fastacting viruses. • In the lysogenic cycle, the virus: – 1.) hides its DNA in the host cell DNA. – 2.) reproduces only as fast as the host cell goes through mitosis. – 3.) may lie hidden for years before the person shows any symptoms. These tend to be slow-acting viruses. 29 • A very basic explanation: – 1.) The virus enters the host cell. – 2.) The virus is copied within the cell. • Either by – taking over the cell (lytic cycle) or – by being copied as the host cell divides (lysogenic cycle) – 3.) The new viruses leave the cell to infect other cells.