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Transcript
3.02a, 3.02b The Renaissance Definition: • In the early 1300s, a movement began in Italy that would become known as the Renaissance, or "rebirth." The Renaissance was characterized by a renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome. Causes: • The Black Death had completely shaken European society • Ruins of the Roman Empire still reminded Italians of Roman glory • The Crusades brought Europeans in contact with Byzantium, whose scholars had preserved Greek and Roman learning • Increased trade with Asia and Africa brought Europeans in contact with Arab and African achievements Patrons of the Arts • Wealthy merchants in Italian cities such as Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, and Venice became patrons of the arts. Examples include Lorenzo de Medici and Isabella d'Este. The Italian Renaissance: • The Italian Renaissance began in the city-states of Northern Italy • It began in the 14th century • Italian scholars turned to Classical Greek and Roman literature to study grammar, history, and poetry • These studies are called humanities, and people who specialized in them were called humanists. • Renaissance humanists searched out manuscripts written in Greek and Latin. Humanism • Intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on the study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on human potential and achievements. • Study classical texts to focus on human potential and achievements • Popularized study of history, literature and philosophy = humanities Enjoying Worldly Pleasures • Don’t live simply, enjoy all of life’s luxuries • People became secular meaning they were more concerned with worldly affairs than religious ones. 4 Features of Renaissance Art • Individualism – unique qualities of human face, show individual character in lifelike way • Balance & Proportion – nature as standard, architecture for realism, show images in proper size • Perspective – impression of depth and distance on flat surface • Oil Paint – allowed painters to work more slowly, make new colors, life-like effects, show texture Donatello • Sculptures were in natural poses and had expressions • His David was the first nude since Roman times Leonardo da Vinci • A painter, sculptor, inventor and a scientist = Renaissance Man • Studied how the human body worked • Sketched inventions of the airplane and submarine • Famous works: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Vitruvian Man Mona Lisa The Last Supper Vitruvian Man Notebooks Leonardo da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work Michaelangelo • Renaissance Man • Famous for portrayal of human body in sculpture and paintings • Famous works: Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel Ceiling Pieta Raphael • Hired by Pope Julius II to paint on the walls of the Vatican • Portrayed expressions of calm • Famous Work: School of Athens where Greek Philosophers were meeting with Renaissance artists The Northern Renaissance: • The Northern Renaissance describes the Renaissance in Northern Europe in the 15th and 16th century • Trade, the movement of artists and scholars, and the development of printing helped spread Renaissance ideas northward. Self Portrait, Albrecht Dürer The Arnolfini Wedding, Jan Van Eyck Change in Language • Began to write in the vernacular • Writing in your everyday language • Wrote for self-expression or to portray individuality Machiavelli Advises Rulers • Wrote The Prince • Said people are selfish and corrupt • To succeed in a wicked world a prince must be strong and sly • Must trick enemies and their own subjects to stay in power Political Ideas of the Renaissance Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the Renaissance The Prince (Published in 1532) Machiavelli believed: “One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit” Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power. Absolute Rule He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience. • Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary • The end justifies the means • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary Today, the term “Machiavellian” refers to the use of deceit in politics William Shakespeare 1564-1616 • English poet and playwright • Well-known plays include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet • Influence and Impact on the Renaissance: He expanded the dramatic potential of characterization (his characters were very complex), plot, language (creative), and genre • Printing Press - Around 1450, the German Johannes Gutenberg created moveable type - letters of the alphabet on metal plates that could be arranged on a wooden press. Chinese and Koreans used a similar process using wooden blocks centuries earlier, but Gutenberg's invention seems to have been independent of the Chinese process. • The printing press was significant because books could now be made quickly and inexpensively.