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The Renaissance Mr. Heaps World History The Renaissance ► ► rebirth of ancient Greek & Roman A ________ cultures; began in Northern ________. Italy Characteristics: urban society arranged Italy was an ________ secular into city-states with a _________ viewpoint rather than a religious viewpoint. Was an age of ___________ recovery from 14th century disasters such as the Plague, political instability, a decline in literacy, & a decline of church power. A new human view emerged: “Men can do what they will.” This view placed a high regard for human worth & realization of what humans could achieve. This new focus was called humanism _____________. “The Renaissance Man” ► ► A high regard was placed on human worth, creating a belief that a _____________, well-rounded universal person was capable of achievements in many areas of life. Leonardo da Vinci was the ________________ ideal example of the Renaissance man because he talent showed _________ in many different fields. He was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician; a true example of a Renaissance Man. Video Clip Johannes Gutenberg During the Medieval Period, printing was done by hand in monasteries by _________. monks ► Gutenberg was the 1st European to print using moveable metal type. ________________ ► Gutenberg’s _________ Bible (1455) was the 1st European book printed from moveable type. ► The increase in printing encouraged scholarly research and increased the public’s desire to gain Literacy knowledge. __________ boomed in Europe. ► Video Clip The Italian City-States ► ► ► ► A __________ city-state is a small nation controlled by a city. Milan Venice & ________, ________, Florence were cities that _________ played crucial roles in Italian politics. These Italian city-states were at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, & Asia. They became very populated and wealthy due to ________. trade families Wealthy Italian _________ usually controlled each citystate. Video Clip Milan richest of the ________ Italian city-states due to trade. ► After long being ruled by the Visconti Family, ______________ Francesco Sforza became the Duke of Milan. ► Sforza was the leader of a band of _____________. mercenaries tax ► Created an efficient ____ system that generated enormous revenues for the government. ► One Francesco Sforza Venice ►A link between ______ Asia and Western Europe. traders from all ► Venice drew _______ over the world. Republic ► Venice was a __________ with an elected leader called a Doge. ► In reality, Venice was ruled by a small group of wealthy aristocrats merchant-____________. Florence ► The __________ & cultural artistic center of Renaissance Italy. ► Controlled by the wealthy Medici _________ Family. ► Lorenzo de Medici & his son, Cosimo, were _________ patrons of the arts and often sponsored great artists such as Michelangelo to adorn _____________ their city with their masterpieces. ► Many of the great Renaissance artists had _________ studios in Florence. The Bonfire of the Vanities A Dominican priest or monk named Savonarola gained popularity in ___________ Florence, ousting the rule of the Medici’s. ► Savonarola placed strict secular regulations on the ___________ society of Florence and attacked the Church with accusations of corruption. ► Savonarola is infamous for the Bonfire of the ____________. Vanities heresy ► He was charged with _________ and later burned at stake. ► The Medici Family regained power. Italian Wars ► Fact: The growth of monarchies powerful ___________ around Italy in Europe led to trouble for the Italian City-States. ► Question: Why would French king Charles VIII lead an army of 30,000 into Naples in Southern Italy? ► Answer: The riches of Italy ___________________ $$$$ Italian Wars (cont.) ► Northern Italian States turned to _______ Spain for help. ► For 30 years, France & Spain battled for dominance in Italy. ____________ ► Thousands of Spanish troops along with mercenaries from other countries marched into ____________ Rome. ► Having not been paid for months, they cried, “Money! Money!” _______________ ► King Charles I of Spain replied, “If you have ever pillaging dreamed of ___________ a town and laying hold of its treasures, here now is one, the richest of them all, queen of the world.” ► Open to page 160 to see what happened. Niccolo Machiavelli The _______ Prince , is one book, ____ of the most influential works on political power in the Western world. The book’s central thesis acquire was about how to ________ and keep political power. ► Machiavelli was among the 1st morality as the to abandon ________ basis for political activity. “A prince acts on behalf of the state _______. For the sake of the state, he must be willing to let conscience sleep.” his ___________ ► His Niccolo Machiavelli Machiavelli v. Middle Ages Middle Age viewpoint Machiavelli’s viewpoint writers on political ► Political power should not be restricted by power stressed the moral principles. ________ __________ ethical side of a ► A prince should not Prince’s activity. deviate from good if that ► “A ruler ought to is possible, but should behave based on evil know how to do ______ Christian ___________ if necessary. principles. ► A prince must be willing to let his conscience ________. sleep ► Many Review Questions ► What attracted the French King to Italy? The riches of Italy. ► Why did the army of Charles I of Spain sack the city of Rome in 1527? His army had not been paid for months, so he allowed them to smash the gates and loot the city. The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione Although nobles made up only 2 to 3% of the population, they dominated Renaissance society. ► Nobles held important political posts and served as advisers to the king. ► ► The Book of the Courtier was a code of behavior for the ideal courtier or noble. Characteristics of a Perfect Renaissance Noble A Noble was _____, not made. He should have _________, ______, & _______. 2. The ideal noble had to develop 2 skills: a) to perform ________ & physical exercises because the chief aim of a noble was to be a warrior. b) To gain a classical ____________ and enrich his life with the arts. 3. Nobles should follow a certain standard of ___________. (see text pages 161 & 162) 1. Characteristics of a Perfect Renaissance Noble born not made. He should have A Noble was _____, character ______, grace & _______. talent _________, 2. The ideal noble had to develop 2 skills: military & physical exercises a) to perform ________ because the chief aim of a noble was to be a warrior. education and enrich b) To gain a classical ____________ his life with the arts. 3. Nobles should follow a certain standard of conduct ___________. 1. Francesco Petrarch (Scholar) ► Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism ____________. ► Looked for & discovered forgotten Latin manuscripts in _________ monastic _________ libraries throughout Europe. ► Emphasized using pure classical Latin (Latin of the _________ Romans, not medieval Latin) Vernacular Literature ► The Humanist emphasis on classical Latin scholars led to its use in the writings of __________, lawyers theologians _____________, & ________________. (those who were highly educated) ► However, some writers wrote in Vernacular _______________, or language spoken in their own regions. (such as Italian, French, or German.) Dante ► Wrote in the Italian Vernacular. ► Dante’s masterpiece is the Divine ___________: Comedy __________ The story of the soul’s journey to _____________, through salvation Hell, Purgatory, & Heaven. Purgatory in Roman _____________Catholic theology, the place where those who have died in a state of grace undergo limited torment to atone for their sins before entering heaven. Geoffrey Chaucer English in the __________ vernacular. ► His famous work is the Canterbury _________: Tales ____________ ► Wrote A collection of stories told by 29 pilgrims as they journey to the tomb of Saint Thomas Becket @ Canterbury, Eng. Purpose: To portray an entire range of English _________ from the high society to the low born. Christine de Pizan French in the ________ vernacular. ► Best known for her works written women in defense of ____________. ► Male writers of her time argued that women are unable to swayed learn _________ & easily __________. ► Her book, The Book of the City of Ladies, argued that women could learn as well as men if they could attend the same schools _____________________. ► Wrote ► Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their _________ works. ► They wanted those who viewed their works to realistic see a ____________ view of the objects they were portraying. Human _________ Beings ► _________ were the focus of attention of Renaissance artists. Notice how detailed or realistic the image in the mirror is. Renaissance art was to the people who lived to experience it, like the photograph was to the first to see it. REALISTIC!!! ► The frescoes painted by Masaccio in Florence, Italy early in the 15th century are regarded as the first masterpieces ____________ of early Renaissance art. Fresco ► _________a painting done on wet plaster with water-based paints. ► Whereas medieval paintings made humans appear flat perspective _______, Masaccio used the laws of _____________ to create the illusion of 3-Dimensions. Video clip: Artistic Breakthrough - Perspective Breakthroughs in Renaissance Art 1. 2. ► perspective Understanding the laws of ___________ and the organization of outdoor space & geometry light through ___________. The investigation of movement and human anatomy ___________. The realistic portrayal of the individual human _______, nude person, especially the ________ became one of the chief aims of Italian Renaissance Art. Video Clip: Renaissance Art & Study of Anatomy The High Renaissance Raphael Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Bounarroti Ideas Promoted by the Renaissance humanism ► ______________ - emphasized a return to a classical study of human capabilities. individualism - highlighted the ► ______________ accomplishments of the individual. The ideal talent in many different person showed ________ fields. secularism ► ______________ -changed the focus of life from the struggle to get to heaven to the advancement of one’s position on Earth.