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Transcript
The Renaissance What is the Renaissance? • 1300 – 1600 • “rebirth” • Great intellectual and artistic creativity during the Renaissance • Began in northern Italy while France and England were fighting the Hundred Years War • Marked by a revival or rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman art, literature, and learning Conditions that gave rise to the Renaissance 1. 2. 3. 4. Northern Italy was a highly urban region – Venice, Genoa and Florence were major centers for trade. Venice and Genoa were seaports Northern Italy was a merchant’s region – they dominated politics, society and business. Success depended on wit not inherited social rank – idea of individual achievement. Popes no longer had control of Italian city-states due to the Great Schism Merchants competed with each other for business, and as patrons or sponsors for the arts – glory in helping artists create works of genius. New Values • Celebration of the individual was a theme of the Renaissance • In the middle ages artists worked for the glory of God, in the Renaissance artists wanted to be known as individuals • Renaissance scholars loved the writings of Greece and Rome – they were called humanists • There was an enjoyment of worldly pleasures – a person might love and enjoy life without offending God. Renaissance Continued • “The Renaissance Man” – Those who excelled in many fields (art, architecture, science – like Leonardo Da Vinci • The Courtier – Book written that described the Renaissance ideal for men • Upper class women were as well educated as men during the Renaissance, HOWEVER most women had less political, economic and social influence than women of the Middle Ages • Florence was the leading city during the Renaissance – textiles and banking • The Medici family ruled Florence during the Renaissance The Artists • Giotto • Early 1300’s, mastered the technique known as fresco painting (painting with pigments on wet plaster) • Style was different than the Middle Ages – figures looked real and lifelike, created illusion of depth in his paintings • This is Giotto’s Ognissanti Madonna Donatello • Rejected the style of Medieval stonecutters. • Wanted his figures to appear real and alive • 1st European since ancient times to create a large free standing human figure in the nude. Mazzoco – Emblem of Florence Michelangelo - David • “David” white marble statue of the biblical figure. • 16ft. Tall • Expresses Renaissance belief in human dignity and greatness, one of the most famous works of art of the Renaissance. Michelangelo – The Sistine Chapel • Asked to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican in 1508 • The popes were rebuilding Rome which had declined while the Popes lived in Avignon • He painted over 5,800 ft. of ceiling over 3 years – on his back • It contains 9 paintings illustrating the Creation, the birth of Adam, and the story of Noah Raphael La Belle Jardinière Boticelli – Birth of Venus Leonardo Da Vinci • Had a fascination with the human personality • He was a painter, inventor, and scientist among other things. • Essence of the ideal of the “Renaissance Man” Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Northern European Artists of the Renaissance • Many northern European artists who had visited Italy brought back the ideas of classical culture, curiosity in the world and human potential to their countries. • Helped spread the Renaissance and Renaissance ideals throughout Europe. • Includes painters, sculptors,writers, etc. Durer • Produced woodcuts and engravings that became very popular in in Germany • Emphasis on realism • Style spread to other German artists Hans Holbein the Younger Specialized in painting portraits that looked like photographs Henry VIII Bruegel the Elder • Flemish painter captured scenes from everyday life such as weddings, dances, harvest, and the changing seasons. Rich colors and vivid details The Peasant Dance Writers and Philosophers • Dante 1265 – 1321 • Poet, Born in Florence • Used real people in his poem – used dead friends and enemies in his poems and told of their lives. • Poems comment on the political events of the time • Interest in human personality is key. • His Divine Comedy is sometimes called the “bridge” between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Petrarch • Born 1304 • Wrote poems and letters in Italian and Latin • Imitated the classical style of Cicero • Strove for simplicity and purity in his writings. Machiavelli • Wrote during a time period of war in Italy, Italian city-states were forced to ally themselves with foreign powers (like Spain) • The Prince – Wrote this book while angry about the invasion of foreigners – book is about gaining and keeping power • Thought most people were selfish, fickle and corrupt • Concerned with what was politically effective – NOT morally correct. Maintain political power any way possible. The end justifies the mean. • By the 1600’s new ideas and artistic styles appeared which brought an end to the Renaissance. • The ideals of the Renaissance continued to influence Europe and the ideal of individualism from the Renaissance will play a major role in the rise of democratic ideas.