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World History
• Chapter 12
• Renaissance & Reformation
• 1300 - 1600
Section 1:
The Renaissance
Targets
• Explain why, between 1350 &
1550, Italian intellectuals believed
they had entered a new age of
human achievement
• Characterize city-states which were
centers of political, economic &
social life in Renaissance Italy.
I. The Italian Renaissance
• The word renaissance means
rebirth (art and learning)
• Began in Northern Italy &
spread to the rest of Europe
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
• 1. Largely an urban society, a
system in which cities are the
center of political, economic &
social life (pg. 375) had a
• 2. secular, worldly view (pg.
375)
Characteristics of the Italian
Renaissance
• 3. Age of recovery from
th
disasters of the 14 century
• 4. New view of human beings
emerged
• 5. decline of church power
The Italian Renaissance
• “Men can do all things if they
will”
• Well-rounded, universal person
• Leonardo da Vinci, was a
painter, sculptor, architect,
inventor & mathematician
Leonardo
da Vinci
II. The Italian States
• Organized in city-states
• Prospered from a flourishing
trade, business, banking
• Trading ships
• Profited from the Crusades
• Milan, Venice & Florence
A. Milan
• Visconti family established
themselves as dukes of Milan
• Francesco Sforza became the
ruling duke in 1447
• mercenaries, soldiers who sold
their services to the highest
bidder (pg. 377)
Francesco
Sforza
B. Venice
• The Republic of Venice
• Had an elected leader called
a Doge
C. Florence
• Wealthy group of merchants
established control of the
Florence government
• Cosimo de Medici & Lorenzo de
Medici, wealthy merchant family
who controlled the government
from behind the scenes
Lorenzo
de Medici
D. The Italian Wars
• 1494 the French king Charles
VIII occupied the kingdom of
Naples
• Italian states turned for help to
the Spanish
D. The Italian Wars
• French & Spanish made Italy
their battleground as they
fought to dominate the country
The Italian Wars
• Spanish king Charles I
allowed mercenaries to sack
Rome in 1527
• Spanish became a dominant
force in Italy
III. Machiavelli & the New
Statecraft
• Niccolo
Machiavelli
• The Prince
• How to acquire
& keep political
power
Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
• A prince’s attitude toward power
must be based on an
understanding of human nature
• Self-centered
• Political activity should not be
restricted by moral principles
Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
• Must be will to let his
conscience sleep
• Abandon morality as the basis
for analyzing political activity
Niccolò Machiavelli
1513
actual or
appearance of good
qualities and the
ability to do evil if
necessary
IV. Renaissance Society
• Society divided into three
estates or social classes
• Nobility, clergy & peasants
(townspeople)
• Nobility made up 2 to 3 percent
of the population by 1500
A. The Nobility
• Ideals of the nobility expressed
in The Book of the Courtier by
Baldassare Castiglione
• Described the characteristics of
a perfect Renaissance noble
Baldassare
Castiglione
Characteristics of a Renaissance
noble
• 1. born, not made
• 2. had to develop two basic
skills
• a. acquire military skills
• b. gain a classical education
Characteristics of a Renaissance
noble
• 3. Needed to follow a certain
standard of conduct
B. Peasants & Townspeople
• Peasants made 85 to 90% of the
total European population
• Serfdom continued to decrease
• Townspeople made up the rest of
the 3rd estate
• Workers earned pitiful wages and
lived miserable lives
C. Family & Marriage
• To maintain the family, parents
carefully arranged marriages, often
to strengthen business or family
ties
• Dowry, a gift of money or property
paid at the time of marriage, by the
bride’s parents to her husband (pg.
381)
C. Family & Marriage
• The father gave his family name,
managed all finances and made
decisions that affected his children’s
lives
• Father’s authority was absolute
until he died
Section 2:
The Intellectual & Artistic
Renaissance
Daily Objectives
• Discuss humanism - the most
important intellectual movement
associated with the Renaissance.
• Identify the great artists &
sculptors produced by the
Renaissance, such as Michelangelo,
Rafael & Leonardo da Vinci.
I. Italian Renaissance
Humanism
• A key intellectual movement of
the Renaissance was humanism
• Humanism was based on the
study of the classics, the
literary works of ancient Greece
& Rome
I. Italian Renaissance
Humanism
• Studied grammar, rhetoric,
poetry, moral philosophy &
history
• Today, these subjects are
called the humanities
Italian Renaissance Humanism
• Petrarch, called the father
of Italian Renaissance
humanism
Vernacular Literature
• Italian: Dante
• Divine Comedy
• Story of the soul’s journey to
salvation
Vernacular Literature
• English: Chaucer
• The Canterbury Tales
• Collection of stories told by a
group of 29 pilgrims journeying
to the tomb of Saint Thomas a
Becket at Canterbury
Vernacular Literature
• Important in making his dialect
the chief ancestor of the
modern English language
Vernacular Literature
• French: Christine de Pizan
• The Book of the City of
Ladies
• Written in defense of women
Education in the Renaissance
• The humanist movement had a
profound effect on education
• They wrote books on education
& opened schools based on
their ideas
Education in the Renaissance
• Liberal Studies: history, moral
philosophy, eloquence (or
rhetoric), letters (grammar &
logic), poetry, mathematics,
astronomy & music
Education in the Renaissance
• Humanist educators also
stressed physical education
• Javelin throwing, archery,
dancing, running, wrestling,
hunting & swimming
• Education was practical
preparation for life
Education in the Renaissance
• Females were largely absent
from these schools
The Artistic Renaissance in
Italy
• Renaissance artists sought to
imitate nature in their works
• Artists were developing a
new world perspective
• Human beings became the
focus of attention
New Techniques in Painting
• Fresco’s, painting done on fresh,
wet plaster with water-based
paints
• Masaccio
New Techniques in Painting
• His work had depth & came
alive, used the laws of
perspective, created the illusion
of three dimensions, more
realistic
New Techniques in Painting
• Two major developments:
• 1. Laws of perspective & the
organization of outdoor space &
light through geometry
• 2. Investigation of movement &
human anatomy
Sculpture & Architecture
• Donatello, sculpture, copied
the statues of the Greeks &
Romans
• Saint George
Sculpture & Architecture
• Filippo Brunelleschi, architect
• New architecture in Florence,
the church of San Lorenzo
Masters of the High Renaissance
• The High Renaissance in Italy is
associated with 3 artistic giants,
Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, &
Michelangelo
• Leonardo mastered the art of
realistic painting & even
dissected human bodies
Leonardo da Vinci
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/L/l eonardo/lasts upp.jpg.html
Masters of the High Renaissance
• Raphael, painted numerous
madonnas (paintings of the
Virgin Mary)
• Frescoe, School of Athens
Masters of the High Renaissance
• Michelangelo, painter, sculptor
& architect
• Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in
Rome
This detail from the Sistine Chapel is
titled The Creation of Adam.
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
• Northern Europe
• Northern artists painted
illustrations for books & wooden
panels for altarpieces
• Flanders became the most
important northern school of art
in the 15th century
The Northern Artistic
Renaissance
• Flemish painter Jan van
Eyck
• Used oil paint, a wide variety
of colors & created fine
details
• Giovanni Arnolfini & His Bride
The Northern Artistic
Renaissance
• German artist, Albrecht
Durer
• Adoration of the Magi
has dignity and
worth
seek fulfillment
Humanists believed
that liberal studies
enabled individuals to
reach their full
potential.
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