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Transcript
Renaissance 1300-1600 Renaissance Literally means “Rebirth” A revival of art and learning Wanted to bring back to life the culture of Classical Greece and Rome Life is seen more with self-respect. It begins to be seen more than a pit-stop on the way to heaven Italy: birthplace of the Renaissance Italy’s Advantages Started in northern Italy Crusades spur trade Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 – Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and Latin; Greek manuscripts Growth of city-states in northern Italy In 1300s bubonic plague kills 60% of population and disrupts economy Merchants and the Medici A wealthy merchant class develops More emphasis on individual achievement Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence Classics Lead to Humanism Intellectual movement focused on people and their achievements Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, philosophy Moved away from trying to make everything agree to Christian teaching Ex: art and literature were valued and encouraged Secularism Concerned with the here and now Renaissance society was secular - worldly Ex: some church leaders lived in mansions and wore expensive clothes Enjoy life without offending God Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes Patron A financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons – The wealthy Medici family in Florence, Italy is a prime example Florence Under the Medici Medici Chapel The Medici Palace The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields; the classics, art, politics, combat Baldassare Castigilone’s The Courtier (1528) – Teaches how to become a “universal person” The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Isabella d-Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective – A way to show three dimensions on a canvas Perspective The Trinity Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Perspective! Masaccio 1427 Perspective! First use of linear perspective! What you are, I once was; what I am, you will become. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate Leonardo da Vinci 1469 The figure as architecture! Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors Ancient Greece and Rome Middle Ages Leonardo Da Vinci The true Renaissance man architect, anatomist, sculptor, engineer, inventor, biologist, mathematician, musician, and painter 1452 to 1519 Famous for realistic paintings – Mona Lisa – The Last Supper Mona Lisa Last Supper Sketches Michelangelo 1475-1564 Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet saw art as originating from inner inspiration and from culture Sistine Chapel David Pieta Last Judgment The Virgin on the Rocks Raphael 1483 to 1520 he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Focus is in realistic art Famous for his use of perspective Famous subject is Madonna and child Famous painting is the School of Athens School of Athens Marriage of the Virgin Vanishing point Horizon Donatello Painter and sculptor Around 1430, Cosimo de' Medici, the foremost art patron of his era, commissioned from Donatello the bronze David for the court of his Palazzo Medici. Donatello's most famous work. If You Missed It Heroes in a Half Shell…. TURTLE POWER! (Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, Raphael) Machiavelli Wrote “The Prince” Wrote in the vernacular Leader must be as strong as a lion and as shrewd as a fox Leaders must sometimes mislead people for the good of the state One is considered Machiavellian if they use deceitful action for one’s own advantage What do you think of the quote “the end justifies the means” New Trends in Writing Writers use the vernacular – their native language Self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subject Petrarch Francesco Petrach – Humanist – Poet Woman named Laura is his muse Renaissance Ideas Spread Spirit of Renaissance Italy impress visitors from northern Europe When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidly Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism Humanists interested in social reform based on JudeoChristian values Christian Humanism Advocated the study of classical languages in order to better understand what the classical authors truly intended the scriptures to say – Northern Humanists criticize the Catholic church, start Christian Humanism – Want to reform society and promote education, particularly for women Thomas More and Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus of Holland Best known Christian Humanist His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at merchants and priests Thomas More of England Christian Humanist Created a model society in his book Utopia Jan Van Eyck Born in Belgium 1385 to 1441 Famous for his oil paintings and focus on daily life of subjects Paintings are realistic and reveal a subject’s personality Madonna of Chancellor Rolin Peasant Wedding The Elizabethan Age Renaissance spreads to England in mid1500s Period known as the Elizabethan Age after Queen Elizabeth I She reigns from 1558 to 1603 Shakespeare- the greatest writer Often regarded as the greatest playwright Wrote Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, and Taming of the Shrew Also wrote countless poetry 1554 to 1615 in England Plays performed at Globe Theater in London Gutenberg Press Around 1045 Bi Sheng of China invented movable type – Uses a separate piece of type for each character Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press. Printing press allows for quick, cheap book production. Gutenberg Press Books now could become cheap enough to produce hundreds of copies European society experienced a huge growth in literacy Considered one of the most important inventions in human history First book printed was Gutenberg Bible (1455) Legacy of Renaissance Changes in the Arts – Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome – Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways – Artists created secular and religious works – Writers began using the vernacular – Arts praised individual achievement Legacy of Renaissance Changes in Society – Printing made more information available (like the internet in our times) Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them – People began to question political structures and religious practices – Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries – A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and arise in literacy throughout Europe – Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people – Christian humanists’ attempt to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.