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ITALY: BIRTHPLACE OF THE RENAISSANCE Chapter 1, Section 1 Pages 37-42 SETTING THE STAGE •Black Plague and Hundred Years War •People want to enjoy life •Structures of society change •Question Church •Reject Medieval thoughts •Plague kills 60% of population •Fewer laborers = demand for higher wages •Shrank business expansion opportunities •Wealthy merchants can pursue art THREE ADVANTAGES •Thriving cities • Urban Centers • Overseas trade • Crusades • Urban while rest of Europe is rural •Wealthy merchant class • Wealthiest, most powerful class • Earned social rank • Individual achievement important (See Medici Family) •Medici family • Ruled Florence • Cosimo de’ Medici- wealthiest European of his time • Influenced members of ruling council by giving loans • Virtual dictator of Florence for 30 years. • He and son greatly supported the arts •Classical heritage • Studied Latin manuscripts • Byzantine scholars brought Greek manuscripts to Rome CLASSICAL & WORLDLY VALUES •Humanism- focus on human potential and achievements. • Influenced artists and architects • Popularized the study of history, literature, and philosophy“Humanities” •Secular- worldly and concerned with the here and now • One can enjoy life without offending God • Church leaders began to live worldly lives • Large mansions, lavish parties, expensive clothes •Patron- financially supporting artists • Popes- spend large amounts of money to beautify Rome • Show importance by having portraits painted or donating art •Renaissance man- a master of all areas of study. • Should dance, sing, play music, write poetry • Should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman •Renaissance women- inspire art, not make it • Know the classics, be charming, be educated but not a leader REVOLUTION OF ART Perspective- An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface. An optical illusion Horizon Vanishing point MICHELANGELO •True Renaissance man •Painter, sculptor, architect and poet •Famous for way he portrayed the human body • Forceful and showed heroic grandeur and power •Sponsored by Medici •Famous for: • Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica • David • Sistine Chapel LEONARDO •True Renaissance man •Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist •Interested in how things worked •Notebooks full of sketches and inventions •Known for: •Mona Lisa •The Last Supper RAPHAEL •Studied Michelangelo and Leonardo •Madonna and child was his favorite subject •Known for•School of Athens LITERATURE •Vernacular- Use of native language rather than classic •Self-expression or portraying individualism •Famous Renaissance writers: • Francesco Petrarch- humanist; poet; wrote sonnets about women named “Laura”; wrote in Latin to many influential friends. • Boccaccio- Wrote Decameron; realistic and off-color; supposedly told by a group of worldly young people stuck in a villa waiting for the plague to leave. • Niccolo Machiavelli- The Prince; a political playbook; • Examines how rulers can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies • Idea of most people being fickle, selfish, and corrupt • Must be strong as a lion, shrewd as a fox •Women writers • Wrote about personal subjects, not politics