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What do all of these objects have in common? Renaissance and Reformation The Renaissance Renaissance – “Rebirth” – 1300-1600 Was an attempt to bring back cultures of the past. Europe was engulfed in the dark ages. Age of New Discoveries Exploration Heliocentric Theory Martin Luther R.E.B.I.R.T.H. R. – Rebirth of Roman and Greek Classics Q: What are the classics? Classics = Ideas of Ancient Rome and Greece Roman Sculptures Greek Architecture R.E.B.I.R.T.H. E. – Establishment of Italian City-States During the middle-ages Italian towns expanded into independent city-states. Rulers encourage new ideas. By late middle-ages trade flourished in these citystates. Venice, Genoa, and Pisa control E. Mediterranean Florence thrived on manufactured goods and bankers financed adventures. Florence produced primarily wool cloth. R.E.B.I.R.T.H. B. – Birth of the “modern” world New wealthy middle-class developed of merchants and bankers. MC gained power both economically and politically. Had a general concern for education and individual achievement, supported the arts. R.E.B.I.R.T.H. I. – Italian Artists Michelangelo and Da Vinci R.E.B.I.R.T.H. R. – Renaissance spreads Italy Northern Europe (England) Why did it spread? R.E.B.I.R.T.H. T. – Theater: Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets. R.E.B.I.R.T.H. H. – Humanism – Erasmus and Petrarch were most famous Wanted people to be the best they could be. Scholars stressed humanities Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Music The Renaissance Renaissance in Northern Europe Prospered in Italy and spread to the north. In North, where feudalism was strong, it spread throughout the noble class. Renaissance was more traditional Rebirth of Classical Texts Greek and Roman – people tried to find their faith. In Europe and Spain people focused on Christian texts. Both Renaissances focused on similar goals Individual achievement and classical learning. The Renaissance Florence – the powerful Medici family gained wealth and power. Lorenzo de’Medici lent his fortune to bring painters, sculptors, and architects, and silversmiths to Florence to create and make Florence the center of the Renaissance. The Renaissance Handbooks were created for proper behavior. Renaissance writers prepared these manuals Machiavelli wrote The Prince for city-state rulers, primarily for Lorenzo de Medici. “It is much safer to be feared than loved, if one must choose.” Advised rulers to use any methods needed to achieve their goals. Be cunning, diplomatic, and ruthless. The end justifies the means… Study of the Humanities Italian city-states took new interest in education. Theology, Law, Medicine of Greece and Rome Scholars stressed humanities Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and History Humanists wanted to learn more about the world. Rediscover pre-middle-ages knowledge. Castiglione believed that an ideal renaissance person was well rounded with a broad education in many different areas. PETRARCH: The Father of Italian Humanism Italian poet and humanist, who is considered the first modern poet. His perfection of the sonnet form later influenced such English poets as Chaucer, and William Shakespeare. 1304-1374 His wide knowledge of the classical authors and his restoration of the classical Latin language earned him his reputation as the first great humanist. He was a great advocate of classical Latin. This is not unlike your English instructor expecting “regular” English on essays, not the text messaging English you are accustomed to employing. Beyond scholars, lawyers and theologians; the vernacular authors brought literature to the people with Gutenberg’s assistance! AUTHOR LANGUAGE BOOK OVERVIEW DANTE Italian A souls journey to paradise/heaven Divine Comedy CHAUCER English Canterbury Collection of stories from pilgrims to Tales Canterbury PIZAN The book of the City of Ladies French Women have both intelligence and conviction Humanist Educational Beliefs Education could dramatically change human beings. Several schools opened throughout Europe based on two foundational principals: 1. The purpose of a liberal arts or humanities education was a path to virtue which would help influence others to take the same correct educational path. 2. The humanists stressed Physical based on the Greek model of a “Sound Mind in a Sound Body.” Education Your P.E. teachers are Greek Inspired Humanists! *Women were excluded from formal education because it was thought that religion and morals would be considered enough education, because then “Christian Ladies” would be considered good wives and mothers. Art and Literature Emphasis on realism w/harmony, balance, and realism. Donatello – sketched ancient ruins St. Peter’s Basilica Rejected ME architecture and created extravagant buildings Art and Literature New techniques Three dimensional paintings Tempera Based Paint Mixed with watered down egg yolk. Dried quickly. Oil based paints Dried slowly. Easy to blend. ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ITALY Renaissance sculptors and painters are recognized for use of the elements of: 1. Imitation of nature employing perspective, use of light and geometry 2. Reality of the human body as subject of paintings incorporating the idea of movement. MASTER ARTISTS OF THE HIGH RENIASSANCE Fresco as a painting technique was used by the three giants associated with the high renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci - Dissected bodies to see muscles for more realistic portraits and statues. - Last Supper and Mona Lisa Raphael - Portraits of the Madonna - idealism beyond beauty which surpassed human standards. Michelangelo - The more beautiful the body, the more godlike the figure. Creator of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Leonardo da Vinci WORKS OF DAVINCI 1452-1519 The Last Supper Ermine Mona Lisa Legacy Only 15 paintings survive Notebooks Drawings of unfinished works Diverted rivers to prevent flooding Principles of turbine Cartography Submarine Flying machine Parachute Contacts WORKS OF RAPHAEL Raphael 1483 - 1520 Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel Angels Modern day Reference: Cupids School of Athens which exemplifies the rebirth of interest in Greek/Roman history. Madonna WORKS OF MICHELANGELO Pieta Ceiling and Walls Sistine Chapel Michelangelo 1475-1564 Sistine Chapel David, Michelangelo, c. 1501 David St. Peter’s Architect for St. Peter’s Paper over Artist You, along with your partner, decide which work you want to write about from any of the Renaissance artists. 2 Pages – Times New Roman – Double Spaced Include why the artist made it, the history behind it, and why it has been studied so much. Art and Literature Renaissance Writers Miguel de Cervantes Wrote Don Quixote – Mocked Ideals of Chivalry Shakespeare Explore themes of jealousy, ambition, love, and greed in literature and plays. Built “The Globe” Was an author, playwright, and actor. Art and Literature Call for reform from scholars that studied the Bible. Erasmus pointed out the ignorance of the clergy for their use of pomp and ritual rather than their teaching of Jesus. He remained loyal to church. Sir Thomas More Wrote Utopia that described the ideal world of peace, education, and equality. Changing Patterns of Life Introduction of Printing Press Hand copying slowly came to an end. 2-3 books a year per person could be copied. Often on parchment made from skin of sheep or goats Paper was invented in the 1300s. Moveable type – 1400s – on wood, then metal 1455, Johann Gutenberg invented the PP Printed books rapidly in all languages. Invention of Printing by Johannes Gutenberg Printing not entirely new before this time: Printing, using wood blocks, existed in Korea (8th Century) Moveable type cast, 10th Century in China. Casting type in metal and printing books (Korea by 15th Century) In China, Korea and Japan written language needed thousands unique characters, each representing a concept or word. Symbols The 26-letter alphabet used in Western languages gave the moveable type such an important place in history of printing. The Gutenberg Press cont…. The type was then placed in a box called a Type case. Type case had separate compartments for each letter, number and character. To compose a page, printer selected letters one at a time and lined them up in a “composing stick”. Then using pieces of type with no face on them, spaces between words were adjusted to justify the line to required length. The Type Case …cont Gutenberg modeled his typefaces on the letters used in handwritten books (imitated the Monks) This style: “black letter” or “gothic”. Very popular style in Germany until mid-1940’s. Printers began to use modern Roman type, developed in France, in the 2nd half of 16th Century. Black Letter or Gothic Nebraska - CN Nebraska - G Nebraska - TNR Social Impact of Gutenberg’s invention Increased the speed of printing and improved accuracy and reliability in the transmission of texts. Reduced the price of printed materials making them more accessible to the masses (free exchange of ideas) Encouraged the spread of vernacular languages like German, French, Italian and English (replaces Latin) Printing allowed a larger audience to read Luther’s German translation of the Bible. Accelerated the spread of the Protestant Reformation Everyday Life Nuclear instead of Extended Households. Demand for products rapidly decreased from the population decrease (black death) People developed new products and foods until the population began to increase. Created business partnerships. Women in the Renaissance Little change from Middle Ages Major role in taking care of the home. Spinners and Weavers Powerful queens came to power. Isabella of Spain Elizabeth of England Isabella d’Este – Translated Greek and Latin Texts The Reformation There was a need for reform. Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism Philip IV of France wanted to tax clergy. Stole Pope. Hurt confidence, power, and prestige for the church during the 1300s & 1400s. Rulers in Europe pushed the church out of political affairs. – Henry, John, Philip, Red Beard The Pope had to fight many wars against Kings of France, Spain, and Germany just to protect papal states of Italy. Worldliness Pope Julius II St. Peter’s Cathedral Sistine Chapel Lingering Question: How did the Church pay to have projects done and wars fought? St. Peter’s Cathedral The Reformation To raise money for church spending and wars, the church increased the fee for baptisms, marriages, funerals, and sold indulgences for forgiveness's for sins. Where in history before this, did this take place? Christians protested this practice. Many were tried and executed for heresy. Indulgences Reduction of the punishment a sinner would suffer in purgatory after death. Eventually popes granted indulgences for money contributions to the church. By 1500, people could buy indulgences to cancel the punishments dead relatives might be suffering in purgatory. Indulgences Today Have you ever paid to have something reduced? Membership in something Speeding Ticket MIP What did People believe at the Start of the 16th Century? If you died with a dirty Soul you would go to either Purgatory or straight to hell. You had to go to Church and get the Priest to clean your Soul. If you died with a clean Soul you would go to heaven. What did People believe at the Start of the 16th Century? If you went on a Crusade or a Pilgrimage you could earn time out of Purgatory You could buy a special letter from the Pope called an Indulgence which was like a get out of jail for free card but for Purgatory. Martin Luther: “Here I Stand” • His early life prompted him to join the clergy and he became a monk in the German State of Wittenberg • Tetzel’s indulgences of 1517 pushed Luther to “protest” Martin Luther Johann Tetzel An indulgence sold by Tetzel Who was Martin Luther? He could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew. While comparing the Latin Catholic Bible with the original Greek & Hebrew he found that certain parts were incorrectly translated. Luther hung his 95 theses on the local Church door in Wittenberg in 1517. What did Martin Luther Believe? You Don’t have to go to Church to get your soul cleaned. Indulgence = Bad Read the Bible in your own language and not Latin. Good works don’t ensure salvation – Faith Alone Martin Luther Printing Press Helped Luther’s statements spread quickly and his followers increased rapidly. Luther claimed that the Bible and a person’s own conscience outweighed the authority of the Pope. In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called Luther before the Imperial Diet and demanded that Luther withdraw his statements. Luther refused and became leader of Protestant Reform. Luther’s Reforms 3 Core Ideas for Reform God was the only one who could grant salvation. Rejected church ceremony and the authority of the Pope by stating the Bible was the only guide of Christians. Emphasized the role of the individual and urged them to read and study the Bible themselves. Luther and His New Church • In 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg and organized his reformed church • The university of Wittenberg became the center for his ideas Wittenberg Church • Nuremberg was the first city to convert to Lutheranism (1525) Impact of Luther’s Reforms Luther’s ideas gained widespread support in Germany and many people sympathized w/ his criticism of the church and resented the heavy taxes paid to the church. Townspeople overtook church land Established independent churches. Followers and reformers became known as Protestants. Impact of Reform Peasants supported Protestants – 1524-1525 Did not want to pay heavy church taxes. Southern Germany – peasants revolted 100,000 peasants died. Luther and followers decided to reject political revolution. 1546 – Luther dies. ½ of Germany joined the reformation. 1547 – Charles V tried to force Protestants out. Luther’s Theological Views Direct access to God Salvation by grace and faith alone No icon, saint, or relic worship Women were responsible for their own salvation Only two sacraments Princes should be the head of the local church Clerical marriage was acceptable Services in the vernacular Peace of Augsburg Officially recognized the split in Christianity and allowed Princes to choose the religion w/in their land. This, however, did not end the conflict that would continue for hundreds of years b/w Catholics and Protestants. Challenges to the Catholic Church Switzerland became the center of the Reformation. Ulrich Zwingle established a church that abolished the Catholic mass, confessions, and indulgences. He also allowed priests to marry. Believed in discipline of individuals and churches w/o decoration. Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531) • Asserted that he had reached his conclusions independent of any Lutheran influence John Calvin Calvin’s Theological Ideas Justification by faith alone No certainty of salvation Rejected humanlike images of God Value in hard work Predestination Emphasis on God’s sovereignty and obedience Church was to preach and administer sacraments Collective communal discipline Challenges, cont. Geneva – John Calvin – est. Calvinists Believed God alone decided on an afterlife and believed in predestination or that God had already chosen who would be saved. Good works did not mean salvation. Life of simplicity and hard work. Adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, and England. Challenges, cont. Baptist Protestants – Germany Infants were too young to be baptized. Influenced the thinking of other Protestants, but faced persecution from Catholics and other Protestants. Henry VIII Catholic – published attacks against Luther. “Defender of Faith” King of England quarreled with pope over marriage. Catherine of Aragon – Married 18 years. No Male Heir Mary Tudor only one that lived past infancy. Asked for an annulment, but Pope Clement VII refused. Henry resented the Pope. Henry VIII 1533, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, annulled the marriage and Henry married Ann Boleyn Parliament then recognized the King as the supreme head of the Church of England by the AOS of 1534. England was split between Protestants and Catholics. If you opposed the Catholic Church, Henry responded by executing you. Henry VIII Henry closed corrupt Catholic monasteries and forced 10,000 monks and nuns from their monasteries. He seized the monastery and sold it for profit. Church of England became known as the Anglican Church that preserved Catholic traditions, but allowed priests to marry and translated the Bible into English. 1547, Henry VIII died leaving -a turbulent reign and 6 wonderful wives. Henry’s Wives Were they married before? What were their religious views? Did they get along with Henry? How did they die? What makes their marriages to him special? Any other interesting facts? Mary Tudor 1553 took the throne. Wanted England to be Catholic. Wanted people to accept the Pope. With the death of Mary, Elizabeth I began a long and powerful reign that preserved the Protestant Reformation. Elizabeth was an equal opportunity persecutor. Protestants or Catholics . Spanish Armada defeated in 1588 – England becomes a world power under Elizabeth I. Counter Reformation Paul III led reform of the Catholic Church. 1534-1563 Council of Trent – called for better training of priests and for reform in church finances and administration. Church tried to limit books people could read. Created the Index Rejected Protestant reform doctrine Reaffirmed the spiritual authority of Pope and bishops Images, pilgrimages, saints, and relics deemed acceptable Retained the seven sacraments Theological Ideas of the Council of Trent Reaffirmed belief in Purgatory Opposed clerical marriage Acknowledged the mystical presence of Christ in the Eucharist Index of Forbidden Books Declared Latin the only acceptable version of the Bible Indulgences would no longer be sold Policies Implemented by the Council of Trent Directive to keep records (birth, death, marriage) of the faithful Ordered seminaries founded Stressed priestly obligation to their congregations While it did not generate immediate resolution to all of the issues that the Church struggled with, the Reformation proved to be a longlasting movement whose effects can still be seen in contemporary society. “Peace if possible, truth at all costs.” —Martin Luther A Catholic Church Catholic Church Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th Century Notice the image of Christ A Protestant Church Clothes Worn by Protestant Vicars (Priests) Protestant Altars What other changes took place in Protestant Churches?