Download Renaissance and Reformation

What do all of these objects have in common?
Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance
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Renaissance – “Rebirth” – 1300-1600
Was an attempt to bring back cultures of
the past.
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Europe was engulfed in the dark ages.
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Age of New Discoveries
Exploration
 Heliocentric Theory
 Martin Luther
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R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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R. – Rebirth of Roman and Greek Classics
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Q: What are the classics?
Classics = Ideas of Ancient Rome and Greece
Roman Sculptures
Greek Architecture
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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E. – Establishment of Italian City-States
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During the middle-ages Italian towns expanded into
independent city-states.
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Rulers encourage new ideas.
By late middle-ages trade flourished in these citystates.
Venice, Genoa, and Pisa control E. Mediterranean
 Florence thrived on manufactured goods and bankers
financed adventures. Florence produced primarily wool
cloth.

R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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B. – Birth of the “modern” world
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New wealthy middle-class developed of
merchants and bankers.
MC gained power both economically and
politically.
Had a general concern for education and
individual achievement, supported the arts.
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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I. – Italian Artists
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Michelangelo and Da Vinci
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.

R. – Renaissance spreads
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Italy  Northern Europe (England)

Why did it spread?
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.

T. – Theater: Shakespeare wrote plays
and sonnets.
R.E.B.I.R.T.H.
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H. – Humanism – Erasmus and Petrarch
were most famous

Wanted people to be the best they could be.
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Scholars stressed humanities
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Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History, Arithmetic,
Astronomy, Music
The Renaissance
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Renaissance in Northern Europe
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Prospered in Italy and spread to the north.
In North, where feudalism was strong, it spread
throughout the noble class.
Renaissance was more traditional
Rebirth of Classical Texts
 Greek and Roman – people tried to find their faith.
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In Europe and Spain people focused on Christian texts.
Both Renaissances focused on similar goals

Individual achievement and classical learning.
The Renaissance
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Florence – the powerful Medici family gained
wealth and power.

Lorenzo de’Medici lent his fortune to bring
painters, sculptors, and architects, and
silversmiths to Florence to create and make
Florence the center of the Renaissance.
The Renaissance

Handbooks were created for proper behavior.
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Renaissance writers prepared these manuals
Machiavelli wrote The Prince for city-state rulers,
primarily for Lorenzo de Medici.
“It is much safer to be feared than loved, if one must
choose.”
 Advised rulers to use any methods needed to achieve
their goals.

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Be cunning, diplomatic, and ruthless.
The end justifies the means…
Study of the Humanities

Italian city-states took new interest in
education.

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Theology, Law, Medicine of Greece and Rome
Scholars stressed humanities

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Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, and History
Humanists wanted to learn more about the
world.
Rediscover pre-middle-ages knowledge.
 Castiglione believed that an ideal renaissance person
was well rounded with a broad education in many
different areas.

PETRARCH: The Father of
Italian Humanism
Italian poet and humanist, who is considered
the first modern poet. His perfection of the
sonnet form later influenced such English
poets as Chaucer, and William Shakespeare.
1304-1374
His wide knowledge of the classical authors and his restoration of
the classical Latin language earned him his reputation as the first
great humanist. He was a great advocate of classical
Latin. This is not unlike your English instructor expecting “regular”
English on essays, not the text messaging English you are
accustomed to employing.
Beyond scholars, lawyers and theologians; the
vernacular authors brought literature to the
people with Gutenberg’s assistance!
AUTHOR
LANGUAGE BOOK
OVERVIEW
DANTE
Italian
A souls journey to
paradise/heaven
Divine
Comedy
CHAUCER English
Canterbury Collection of stories
from pilgrims to
Tales
Canterbury
PIZAN
The book
of the City
of Ladies
French
Women have both
intelligence and
conviction
Humanist
Educational Beliefs
Education could dramatically
change human beings.
Several schools opened
throughout Europe based on
two foundational principals:
1. The purpose of a liberal
arts or humanities education
was a path to virtue which
would help influence others
to take the same correct
educational path.
2. The humanists stressed Physical
based on the Greek model of a
“Sound Mind in a Sound Body.”
Education
Your P.E. teachers are Greek
Inspired Humanists!
*Women were excluded from formal
education because it was thought
that religion and morals
would be considered enough education, because then
“Christian Ladies” would be considered good wives and
mothers.
Art and Literature
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Emphasis on realism w/harmony, balance,
and realism.
Donatello – sketched ancient ruins
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St. Peter’s Basilica
Rejected ME architecture and created
extravagant buildings
Art and Literature
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New techniques
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Three dimensional paintings
Tempera Based Paint
Mixed with watered down egg yolk.
 Dried quickly.
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Oil based paints
Dried slowly.
 Easy to blend.

ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
Renaissance sculptors and
painters are recognized for
use of the elements of:
1. Imitation of nature
employing perspective, use
of light and geometry
2. Reality of the human body
as subject of paintings
incorporating the idea of
movement.
MASTER ARTISTS OF THE HIGH RENIASSANCE
Fresco as a painting technique was used by the three
giants associated with the high renaissance:
Leonardo da Vinci - Dissected bodies to see muscles
for more realistic portraits and statues.
- Last Supper and Mona Lisa
Raphael - Portraits of the Madonna - idealism beyond
beauty which surpassed human standards.
Michelangelo - The more beautiful the body, the more
godlike the figure. Creator of the Sistine Chapel
ceiling.
Leonardo da
Vinci
WORKS OF DAVINCI
1452-1519
The Last Supper
Ermine
Mona Lisa
Legacy
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Only 15 paintings survive
Notebooks
Drawings of unfinished works
Diverted rivers to prevent
flooding
Principles of turbine
Cartography
Submarine
Flying machine
Parachute
Contacts
WORKS OF RAPHAEL
Raphael 1483 - 1520
Michelangelo:
Sistine
Chapel Angels
Modern day
Reference:
Cupids
School of Athens which
exemplifies the rebirth
of interest in
Greek/Roman history.
Madonna
WORKS OF
MICHELANGELO
Pieta
Ceiling and Walls
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
1475-1564
Sistine Chapel
David,
Michelangelo,
c. 1501
David
St. Peter’s
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Architect for St.
Peter’s
Paper over Artist
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You, along with your partner, decide which
work you want to write about from any of the
Renaissance artists.
2 Pages – Times New Roman – Double Spaced
Include why the artist made it, the history
behind it, and why it has been studied so
much.
Art and Literature

Renaissance Writers
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Miguel de Cervantes
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Wrote Don Quixote – Mocked Ideals of Chivalry
Shakespeare
Explore themes of jealousy, ambition, love, and
greed in literature and plays.
 Built “The Globe”
 Was an author, playwright, and actor.
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Art and Literature
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Call for reform from scholars that studied
the Bible.

Erasmus pointed out the ignorance of the
clergy for their use of pomp and ritual rather
than their teaching of Jesus.
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He remained loyal to church.
Sir Thomas More
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Wrote Utopia that described the ideal world of
peace, education, and equality.
Changing Patterns of Life
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Introduction of Printing Press
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Hand copying slowly came to an end.
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2-3 books a year per person could be copied.
Often on parchment made from skin of sheep or goats
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Paper was invented in the 1300s.
Moveable type – 1400s – on wood, then metal
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1455, Johann Gutenberg invented the PP
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Printed books rapidly in all languages.
Invention of Printing by
Johannes Gutenberg
Printing not entirely new before this time:
Printing, using wood blocks, existed in
Korea (8th Century)
Moveable type cast, 10th Century in China.
Casting type in metal and printing books
(Korea by 15th Century)
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In China, Korea and Japan written language needed
thousands unique characters, each representing a
concept or word. Symbols
The 26-letter alphabet used in Western languages gave
the moveable type such an important place in history of
printing.
The Gutenberg Press cont….
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The type was then placed in a box called a Type case.
Type case had separate compartments for each letter, number and
character.
To compose a page, printer selected letters one at a time and
lined them up in a “composing stick”.
Then using pieces of type with no face on them, spaces between
words were adjusted to justify the line to required length.
The Type Case
…cont
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Gutenberg modeled his typefaces on the letters used in
handwritten books (imitated the Monks)
This style: “black letter” or “gothic”.
Very popular style in Germany until mid-1940’s.
Printers began to use modern Roman type, developed in
France, in the 2nd half of 16th Century.
Black Letter or
Gothic
Nebraska
- CN
Nebraska - G
Nebraska - TNR
Social Impact of Gutenberg’s
invention
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Increased the speed of printing and improved accuracy
and reliability in the transmission of texts.
Reduced the price of printed materials making them more
accessible to the masses (free exchange of ideas)
Encouraged the spread of vernacular languages like
German, French, Italian and English (replaces Latin)
Printing allowed a larger audience to read Luther’s German
translation of the Bible.
Accelerated the spread of the Protestant Reformation
Everyday Life
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Nuclear instead of Extended Households.
Demand for products rapidly decreased
from the population decrease (black death)
People developed new products and foods
until the population began to increase.
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Created business partnerships.
Women in the Renaissance
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Little change from Middle Ages
Major role in taking care of the home.
Spinners and Weavers
Powerful queens came to power.
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Isabella of Spain
Elizabeth of England
Isabella d’Este – Translated Greek and Latin
Texts
The Reformation

There was a need for reform.
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Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism
Philip IV of France wanted to tax clergy. Stole Pope.
 Hurt confidence, power, and prestige for the church
during the 1300s & 1400s.
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Rulers in Europe pushed the church out of political
affairs. – Henry, John, Philip, Red Beard
The Pope had to fight many wars against Kings of
France, Spain, and Germany just to protect papal
states of Italy.
Worldliness
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Pope Julius II
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St. Peter’s Cathedral
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Sistine Chapel
Lingering Question: How did the Church
pay to have projects done and wars
fought?
St. Peter’s Cathedral
The Reformation
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To raise money for church spending and
wars, the church increased the fee for
baptisms, marriages, funerals, and sold
indulgences for forgiveness's for sins.
Where in history before this, did this take
place?
Christians protested this practice.
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Many were tried and executed for heresy.
Indulgences
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Reduction of the punishment a sinner
would suffer in purgatory after death.
Eventually popes granted indulgences for
money contributions to the church.
By 1500, people could buy indulgences to
cancel the punishments dead relatives
might be suffering in purgatory.
Indulgences Today
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Have you ever paid to have something
reduced?
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Membership in something
Speeding Ticket
MIP
What did People believe at the
Start of the 16th Century?
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If you died with a dirty Soul you
would go to either Purgatory or
straight to hell.
You had to go to Church and get
the Priest to clean your Soul.
If you died with a clean Soul you
would go to heaven.
What did People believe at the
Start of the 16th Century?
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If you went on a Crusade
or a Pilgrimage you could
earn time out of Purgatory
You could buy a special
letter from the Pope called
an Indulgence which was
like a get out of jail for free
card but for Purgatory.
Martin Luther: “Here I Stand”
•
His early life prompted him
to join the clergy and he
became a monk in the
German State of Wittenberg
•
Tetzel’s indulgences of
1517 pushed Luther to
“protest”
Martin
Luther
Johann
Tetzel
An indulgence sold by Tetzel
Who was Martin Luther?
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He could read Latin, Greek and Hebrew.
While comparing the Latin Catholic Bible
with the original Greek & Hebrew he
found that certain parts were incorrectly
translated.
Luther hung his 95 theses on the local
Church door in Wittenberg in 1517.
What did Martin Luther Believe?
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You Don’t have to go to
Church to get your soul
cleaned.
Indulgence = Bad
Read the Bible in your own
language and not Latin.
Good works don’t ensure
salvation – Faith Alone
Martin Luther
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Printing Press
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Helped Luther’s statements spread quickly and his
followers increased rapidly.
Luther claimed that the Bible and a person’s own
conscience outweighed the authority of the Pope.
In 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther and
the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called Luther
before the Imperial Diet and demanded that Luther
withdraw his statements.
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Luther refused and became leader of Protestant Reform.
Luther’s Reforms
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3 Core Ideas for Reform
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God was the only one who could grant salvation.
Rejected church ceremony and the authority of
the Pope by stating the Bible was the only guide
of Christians.
Emphasized the role of the individual and urged
them to read and study the Bible themselves.
Luther and His New Church
• In 1522, Luther returned
to Wittenberg and
organized his reformed
church
• The university of
Wittenberg became the
center for his ideas
Wittenberg Church
• Nuremberg was the first
city to convert to
Lutheranism (1525)
Impact of Luther’s Reforms
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Luther’s ideas gained widespread support in
Germany and many people sympathized w/
his criticism of the church and resented the
heavy taxes paid to the church.
Townspeople overtook church land
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Established independent churches.
Followers and reformers became known as
Protestants.
Impact of Reform
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Peasants supported Protestants – 1524-1525
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Did not want to pay heavy church taxes.
Southern Germany – peasants revolted
100,000 peasants died.
 Luther and followers decided to reject political
revolution.
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1546 – Luther dies.
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½ of Germany joined the reformation.
1547 – Charles V tried to force Protestants out.
Luther’s Theological Views
Direct access to God
Salvation by grace and faith
alone
No icon, saint, or relic
worship
Women were responsible for
their own salvation
Only two sacraments
Princes should be the head
of the local church
Clerical marriage was
acceptable
Services in the vernacular
Peace of Augsburg
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Officially recognized the split in Christianity
and allowed Princes to choose the religion
w/in their land.
This, however, did not end the conflict that
would continue for hundreds of years b/w
Catholics and Protestants.
Challenges to the Catholic Church
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Switzerland became the center of the
Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingle established a church that
abolished
the Catholic mass,
 confessions,
 and indulgences.
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He also allowed priests to marry.
Believed in discipline of individuals and churches
w/o decoration.
Ulrich Zwingli (1484–1531)
• Asserted that he had
reached his conclusions
independent of any
Lutheran influence
John Calvin
Calvin’s Theological Ideas
Justification by
faith alone
No certainty
of salvation
Rejected humanlike images
of God
Value in
hard work
Predestination
Emphasis on
God’s sovereignty
and obedience
Church was to
preach and
administer
sacraments
Collective
communal
discipline
Challenges, cont.
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Geneva – John Calvin – est. Calvinists
Believed God alone decided on an afterlife
and believed in predestination or that God
had already chosen who would be saved.
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Good works did not mean salvation.

Life of simplicity and hard work.

Adopted by Netherlands, Scotland, and England.
Challenges, cont.

Baptist Protestants – Germany
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Infants were too young to be baptized.
Influenced the thinking of other Protestants,
but faced persecution from Catholics and
other Protestants.
Henry VIII
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Catholic – published attacks against Luther.
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“Defender of Faith”
King of England quarreled with pope over
marriage.
Catherine of Aragon – Married 18 years.
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No Male Heir
Mary Tudor only one that lived past infancy.
Asked for an annulment, but Pope Clement VII
refused.
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Henry resented the Pope.
Henry VIII
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1533, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas
Cranmer, annulled the marriage and Henry
married Ann Boleyn
Parliament then recognized the King as the
supreme head of the Church of England by
the AOS of 1534.
England was split between Protestants and
Catholics. If you opposed the Catholic
Church, Henry responded by executing you.
Henry VIII
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Henry closed corrupt Catholic monasteries
and forced 10,000 monks and nuns from their
monasteries.
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He seized the monastery and sold it for profit.
Church of England became known as the Anglican
Church that preserved Catholic traditions, but
allowed priests to marry and translated the
Bible into English.
1547, Henry VIII died leaving -a turbulent reign
and 6 wonderful wives.
Henry’s Wives
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Were they married before?
What were their religious views?
Did they get along with Henry?
How did they die?
What makes their marriages to him special?
Any other interesting facts?
Mary Tudor
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1553 took the throne.
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Wanted England to be Catholic.
Wanted people to accept the Pope.
With the death of Mary, Elizabeth I began a long
and powerful reign that preserved the Protestant
Reformation.
Elizabeth was an equal opportunity persecutor.
Protestants or Catholics .
 Spanish Armada defeated in 1588 – England becomes
a world power under Elizabeth I.
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Counter Reformation

Paul III led reform of the Catholic Church.
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1534-1563
Council of Trent – called for better training of
priests and for reform in church finances and
administration.
Church tried to limit books people could read.
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Created the Index
Rejected Protestant
reform doctrine
Reaffirmed the
spiritual authority of
Pope and bishops
Images, pilgrimages,
saints, and relics
deemed acceptable
Retained the seven
sacraments
Theological
Ideas of the
Council of Trent
Reaffirmed belief
in Purgatory
Opposed clerical
marriage
Acknowledged the
mystical presence
of Christ in the
Eucharist
Index of
Forbidden Books
Declared Latin
the only
acceptable version
of the Bible
Indulgences would
no longer be sold
Policies
Implemented
by the
Council of Trent
Directive to keep
records (birth, death,
marriage) of the
faithful
Ordered seminaries
founded
Stressed priestly
obligation to their
congregations
While it did not generate immediate resolution
to all of the issues that the Church struggled
with, the Reformation proved to be a longlasting movement whose effects can still be
seen in contemporary society.
“Peace if possible,
truth at all costs.”
—Martin Luther
A Catholic Church
Catholic Church
Clothes worn by Catholic Priest in 16th
Century
Notice the
image of Christ
A Protestant Church
Clothes Worn by Protestant Vicars (Priests)
Protestant Altars
What other changes took place in Protestant
Churches?