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Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 5 Ch.5 – Sec.1 Reading and Questions: pg.157 Define: 1. Renaissance2. Dowry3. Renaissance started where? 4. 3 Characteristics of the Renaissance? 5. What were the important city/states in Italy. 6. Machiavelli wrote about what? 7. What were the charactistics of a noble? 8. Describe the 3 Estates 9. Why were marriages arranged? Renaissance • The word renaissance means rebirth. • The Renaissance started in Italy, between 1350 and 1550 and spread to the rest of Europe. • The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. 1) Explain the 3 characteristics of the Renaissance. • 1.Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban society. • Powerful city-states in Italy became the centers of political, economic, and social life because of the Asian trade. 2. The Renaissance was also an age when the power of the Church declined, and society recovered from the plagues and instability of the Middle Ages. Political Instability: ► From 1337 to 1453 the Hundred years war involving England and France devastated the French mainland. ► Early form of government Kings and Queens at top, Noble in the middle, and serfs at the bottom. ► As governments grew larger in the 14th century the question of control led to conflict. ► Nobles started to form factions to advance their power and wealth at the expense of other nobles and their monarchs. ► Other problem was that dynasties of the 14th century were unable to produce male heirs. ► This lead to other leaders taking over the the country, which lead to the Parliamentary bodies to gain power. Church Decline: ► Roman Catholic Church and the Pope had total power over Europe until the Reformation. ► After the Reformation many countries switched to Protestantism to break that control, so the king would have more power. Economic Recovery: ► This began in Italy (15th century) with the wool industry at the same time Italian cities developed and goods from Asia were coming in. ► With the new industries and trade the Italian citystates gained wealth and power. 3. A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth emerged in the Renaissance. ► This created a higher regard for human worth and realization of what individuals could achieve. ► At 1st only the rich were affected by the Renaissance. 2) Explain the 3 Estates of Renaissance society: 1. Clergy, Kings and Queens 2. Nobility(Nobles)- privileges were based on principle that the nobles provided security and justice. ► Nobility made up 2 to 3% of the population. • In The Book of the Courtier there are 4 basic attributes of the perfect noble. 1. Noble should possess character, grace, talents, and noble birth. 2. Should participate in military and physical exercises 3. Gain a classical education and enrich life with the arts. 4. The noble also had to follow a standard of conduct and show their achievements with grace. 3.Peasants and Townspeople: ► 3rd Estate was made up of 3 groups patricians, burghers, and peasants. ► Peasants made up 85 to 90% of the 3rd estates population bottom of the 3rd Estate. ► Townspeople made up the remaining 10 to 15% and were the top of the 3rd Estate. ► At the top were patricians whose wealth that came from trade, banking, and industry and dominated economically, socially, and politically. ► The burghers were shopkeepers, artisans, and guild members who provided goods and services for the townspeople. The Family in Renaissance Italy: ► Family conceded of parents, children and servants. ► Wealthy families included grandparents, widowed mothers, and unmarried sisters. ► To maintain the family marriages were arranged by parents to strengthen business or family ties. ► This was usually done while children were young and bonded with a contact. ► The most important part of the bond was the dowry which was the sum of money presented by the wife’s family. ► The father-husband was the center of the family. ► He managed finances and made all decisions for the family and children. ► Wife managed the household and bore children. 3) Explain Renaissance Education: ► Renaissance Humanism was a form of education and culture based on the study of the classics. ► Humanism was an educational program that revolved around a clearly defined group of intellectual disciplines or liberal arts, grammar, rhetoric poetry, ethics, history, math, astronomy and music. Ch.5-Sec.2 1. What movement affected education? 2. Describe the education in the Renaissance? 3. How were women treated in the education movement? 4. What did Renaissance artists want to do in their art? 5. Who were the 3 artist of the High Renaissance? 6. How did the artist in the North portray their art? ► Petrarch was known as the father of the Italian Renaissance Humanism. ► Students were also taught skills of javelin throwing, archery, dancing, hunting, swimming, and wrestling. • Females rarely attended these schools. • Those that did received an education that emphasized religion, morals, and domestic, artistic skills like singing and lute playing, so they could become good Christian wives and mothers. • They were not taught mathematics or rhetoric. 4) Artistic contributions of the Renaissance: Key people: 1. Masaccio- developed a new technique of painting called frescoes which was a painting done on fresh wet plaster with water-based paints. This give the painting depth and made it come alive. 2. Donatello- was a sculptor who spent time studying and copying the statues of Greek and Roman statues and created realistic freestanding figures. 3.Filippo Brunelleschi- an architect who was inspired by the buildings of classic Rome created new architecture in Florence, Italy. 4.Leonardo da Vinci- was a master of realistic painting. To help him he dissected human bodies to better show him how nature work. •He wanted to capture the perfection of nature and the individual. ► Da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician. ► Da Vinci’s best known works was the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa. 5. Raphael- was regarded as one of Italy’s best painters by the age of 25. ► He is admired for his numerous madonnas and frescoes in the Vatican palace. ► He also started an art school called the School of Athens. 6. Michelangelo- was an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect. ► His best known paintings were on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. ► He also did the creation of David and the statue of David. Renaissance art or style emphasized 2 things: 1. The technical side of painting understanding the laws of perspective and organization of outdoor space and light through geometry. ► This was important because most of the fresco paintings were done on large walls in Italian churches. 2. The investigation of movement and human anatomy. ► Realistic portrayal of the individual person, especially the human nude. This style of art goes back to ancient Greece. Northern Art: ► In Northern Europe Gothic churches had stained glass windows so there was no room for frescoes. ► Northern artist painted illustrations for books and wooden panels for alters. Key People: 1. Jan van Eyck- used oil paints which allowed for a wide variety of colors and to create fine details. ► Eyck imitated nature by observing reality and portraying details, not by using perspective. 2. Albrecht Dürer- an artist for Germany incorporated the laws of perspective that he learned in Italy. ► He tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty that was based on careful examination of the human form. 5) Christian Humanism: ► The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin Luther which was the religious reform movement, divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. • Several earlier developments would set the stage for religious change. • Italian humanism spread to northern Europe creating a movement called Christian humanism. • Christian humanists believed in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. • They wanted to reform the Catholic Church. ► This reform would occur through developing inner piety, or religious feeling, based on studying the works of Christianity by reading the classics. ► They believed that in order to change society they must 1st change the human beings who make it up. ► The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus. • He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ that would show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than a system of beliefs to practice to achieve salvation. • Erasmus provide education to people about Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Catholic Church. Erasmus sought reform in the Catholic church, but not breaking away. ► His ideas prepared the way the Reformation. Why was there a call to reform? 1. The Popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs. More concerned with Italian politics and world interest. 2. Church Offices used their church offices to advance their careers and wealth. 3. The church sold indulgences which were to release you from all or part of the punishment for sin. ► • Most people found the Church unconcerned with their spiritual needs. • This environment helps explain Luther’s ideas. 6) Describe the role of Martin Luther in the Reformation: • Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on the Bible. • Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that both faith and good works were necessary for salvation. • He believed that salvation was through faith alone. Roll tide ► • The idea of justification (being made right before God) by faith alone is the Protestant Reformation’s chief teaching. For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church, became the only source of religious truth. Luther’s main problems with Catholicism: 1. Faith and goods works lead to salvation. 2. The sale of indulgences. 3. Priest could not marry and had to remain celibate. • The widespread selling of indulgences upset Luther. Ch.5-Section 4 ► Predestination ► In Geneva, Calvin created what in his reform? ► Who believed in predestination? ► Describe the Act of Supremacy of 1534? ► What group was considered dangerous radicals? ► Describe the 3 pillars of Catholic Reform? ► What happened at the Council of Trent? ► in 1517 Luther sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to his church superiors. They attacked abuses in selling indulgences. ► In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed German church. ► Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments– baptism and Communion. • Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of salvation. It was faith alone. • The Catholic Church excommunicated Luther in 1521. • The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in the empire. ► Luther’s religious movement soon became a revolution. ► It gained support from many German rulers. Who converted the church to State churches. • Luther set up new services to replace the Mass, featuring Bible readings, preaching the word of God, and song. • His doctrine became known as Lutheranism, the first Protestant faith. • From the beginning Luther’s movement was tied to politics. • Charles I of Spain would become the Holy Roman Emperor and become Charles V. ► He wanted to keep all this Catholic and under the control of his Hapsburg dynasty, but he faced many problems. Charles V would face 4 major problems: 1. The French 2. The Turks 3. The Papacy(Pope) 4. Germany’s internal situation In the end Charles V would not be strong enough to defeat the German Lutheran Princes in conflicts. ► ► So in 1555 Charles signed the Peace of Augsburg treaty which accepted the division of Christianity in Germany. • German states could choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. • All states would have the same legal rights. • Rulers could choose their subjects’ religion. Spread Of Protestantism: • Switzerland would be home to 2 major Reformation movements: 1. Zwinglian Reformation 2. Calvinism ► Ulrich Zwingli a priest in Zurich began o introduce religious reform. ► Zwingli abolished all relics and images from the city. • new service of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons replaced the Catholic Mass. ► In 1531, Zwingli was killed in a war between Protestant and Catholic states in Switzerland. • John Calvin assumed the leadership of Protestantism in Switzerland. • Calvin fled Catholic France for Switzerland after he converted to Protestantism. Luther2. Erasmus3. Indulgences4. Peace of Augsburg5. Edict of Worms6. What were the views of Christian Humanists? 7. Describe Luther’s problems with Catholicism? 8. What was the 1st Protestant religion? 9. What was Luther’s 95 Theses? 10. What problems did Charles V face? 1. ► He placed emphasis on the all-powerful nature of God. • This led him to the important idea of predestination, which meant that God in an “eternal decree” had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate). • He created a church government and a body called the Consistory, which enforced moral discipline. • Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent throughout Europe. • By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism. Reformation in England: ► Not religion but politics brought about the English Reformation. ► King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not give him a male heir. • The pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid) his marriage, Henry turned to England’s church courts. • The archbishop ruled that Henry’s marriage to Catherine was null and void. • Henry then married Anne Boleyn, who was crowned queen and who gave birth to a girl. Who later became Queen Elizabeth. ► • in 1534 Parliament moved to break England’s Catholic Church away from the pope in Rome. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king was the supreme head of the new Church of England. It would strengthen the kings power. The king controlled religious doctrine, clerical appointments. 2. Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold their land and possessions to the wealthy. 3. This gave him more money and supporters. ► He stuck close to Catholic teachings, however. ► Edward VI succeeded him. 1. • During his reign, church officials moved the Church of England, also called the Anglican Church, in a Protestant direction. • Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in 1553. • She wanted to return England to Catholicism • She earned the name “Bloody Mary” by having 300 Protestants burned as heretics. • By the end of her reign, England was more Protestant than ever. The Anabaptist: • The radical Anabaptists rejected the involvement of the state in church affairs. ► To them the true Christian church was a voluntary community of adult believers who had undergone spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized. • This belief in adult baptism separated the Anabaptists from both Catholics and Protestants, who baptized infants. • Anabaptists believed in separation of church and state. • Government was not to even have political authority over real Christians. • Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms. • Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals. • Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists. • Mennonites and Amish are Anabaptist communities. • the Catholic Church revitalized in the sixteenth century for three chief reasons: the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent. • A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits. • Jesuits took a special vow of obedience to the pope. • They used education to spread their message. ► Pope Paul III saw the need to reform the papacy and appointed a Reform Commission in 1537 to determine the Church’s ills. • It blamed the corrupt policies of the popes. • Pope Paul III also convened the Council of Trent. • In 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent. • Its final decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. • Both faith and works were needed for salvation. • The seven sacraments, Communion, and clerical celibacy were upheld and selling indulgences was forbidden. ► After the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic Church had a clear body of doctrine and was unified under the pope.