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Renaissance and
Reformation
Chapter 5
Ch.5 – Sec.1 Reading and Questions: pg.157
Define:
1. Renaissance2. Dowry3. Renaissance started where?
4. 3 Characteristics of the Renaissance?
5. What were the important city/states in Italy.
6. Machiavelli wrote about what?
7. What were the charactistics of a noble?
8. Describe the 3 Estates
9. Why were marriages arranged?
Renaissance
•
The word renaissance means rebirth.
•
The Renaissance started in Italy, between 1350
and 1550 and spread to the rest of Europe.
•
The rebirth was of the ancient Greek and Roman
worlds.
1) Explain the 3 characteristics of the Renaissance.
•
1.Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban
society.
•
Powerful city-states in Italy became the centers of
political, economic, and social life because of the
Asian trade.
2. The Renaissance was also an age when the power
of the Church declined, and society recovered from
the plagues and instability of the Middle Ages.
Political Instability:
► From 1337 to 1453 the Hundred years war
involving England and France devastated the
French mainland.
► Early form of government Kings and Queens at top,
Noble in the middle, and serfs at the bottom.
► As governments grew larger in the 14th century the
question of control led to conflict.
► Nobles started to form factions to advance their
power and wealth at the expense of other nobles
and their monarchs.
► Other
problem was that dynasties of the 14th
century were unable to produce male heirs.
► This lead to other leaders taking over the the
country, which lead to the Parliamentary bodies to
gain power.
Church Decline:
► Roman Catholic Church and the Pope had total
power over Europe until the Reformation.
► After the Reformation many countries switched to
Protestantism to break that control, so the king
would have more power.
Economic Recovery:
► This began in Italy (15th century) with the wool
industry at the same time Italian cities developed
and goods from Asia were coming in.
► With the new industries and trade the Italian citystates gained wealth and power.
3. A new view of human beings that emphasized
individual ability and worth emerged in the
Renaissance.
► This created a higher regard for human worth and
realization of what individuals could achieve.
► At 1st only the rich were affected by the
Renaissance.
2) Explain the 3 Estates of Renaissance
society:
1. Clergy, Kings and Queens
2. Nobility(Nobles)- privileges were based on
principle that the nobles provided security and
justice.
► Nobility made up 2 to 3% of the population.
•
In The Book of the Courtier there are 4 basic
attributes of the perfect noble.
1.
Noble should possess character, grace, talents,
and noble birth.
2.
Should participate in military and physical
exercises
3.
Gain a classical education and enrich life with the
arts.
4. The noble also had to follow a standard of conduct
and show their achievements with grace.
3.Peasants and Townspeople:
► 3rd Estate was made up of 3 groups patricians,
burghers, and peasants.
► Peasants made up 85 to 90% of the 3rd estates
population bottom of the 3rd Estate.
► Townspeople made up the remaining 10 to 15%
and were the top of the 3rd Estate.
► At the top were patricians whose wealth that
came from trade, banking, and industry and
dominated economically, socially, and politically.
► The burghers were shopkeepers, artisans, and
guild members who provided goods and services
for the townspeople.
The Family in Renaissance Italy:
► Family conceded of parents, children and servants.
► Wealthy families included grandparents, widowed
mothers, and unmarried sisters.
► To maintain the family marriages were arranged by
parents to strengthen business or family ties.
► This was usually done while children were young
and bonded with a contact.
► The most important part of the bond was the
dowry which was the sum of money presented by
the wife’s family.
► The
father-husband was the center of the family.
► He managed finances and made all decisions for
the family and children.
► Wife managed the household and bore children.
3) Explain Renaissance Education:
► Renaissance Humanism was a form of education
and culture based on the study of the classics.
► Humanism was an educational program that
revolved around a clearly defined group of
intellectual disciplines or liberal arts, grammar,
rhetoric poetry, ethics, history, math, astronomy
and music.
Ch.5-Sec.2
1. What movement affected education?
2. Describe the education in the
Renaissance?
3. How were women treated in the education
movement?
4. What did Renaissance artists want to do in
their art?
5. Who were the 3 artist of the High
Renaissance?
6. How did the artist in the North portray
their art?
► Petrarch
was known as the father of the
Italian Renaissance Humanism.
► Students were also taught skills of javelin
throwing, archery, dancing, hunting,
swimming, and wrestling.
•
Females rarely attended these schools.
•
Those that did received an education that
emphasized religion, morals, and domestic, artistic
skills like singing and lute playing, so they could
become good Christian wives and mothers.
•
They were not taught mathematics or rhetoric.
4) Artistic contributions of the
Renaissance:
Key people:
1. Masaccio- developed a new technique of
painting called frescoes which was a
painting done on fresh wet plaster with
water-based paints. This give the painting
depth and made it come alive.
2. Donatello- was a sculptor who spent time
studying and copying the statues of Greek
and Roman statues and created realistic
freestanding figures.
3.Filippo Brunelleschi- an architect who was
inspired by the buildings of classic Rome
created new architecture in Florence, Italy.
4.Leonardo da Vinci- was a master of realistic painting. To
help him he dissected human bodies to better show him
how nature work.
•He wanted to capture the perfection of nature and the
individual.
► Da
Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect,
inventor, and mathematician.
► Da Vinci’s best known works was the Last
Supper and the Mona Lisa.
5. Raphael- was regarded as one of Italy’s
best painters by the age of 25.
► He is admired for his numerous madonnas
and frescoes in the Vatican palace.
► He also started an art school called the
School of Athens.
6. Michelangelo- was an accomplished painter,
sculptor, and architect.
► His best known paintings were on the ceilings of the
Sistine Chapel in Rome.
► He also did the creation of David and the statue of
David.
Renaissance art or style emphasized 2 things:
1. The technical side of painting
understanding the laws of perspective and
organization of outdoor space and light
through geometry.
► This was important because most of the
fresco paintings were done on large walls
in Italian churches.
2. The investigation of movement and human
anatomy.
► Realistic portrayal of the individual person,
especially the human nude. This style of
art goes back to ancient Greece.
Northern Art:
► In Northern Europe Gothic churches had
stained glass windows so there was no
room for frescoes.
► Northern artist painted illustrations for
books and wooden panels for alters.
Key People:
1. Jan van Eyck- used oil paints which allowed
for a wide variety of colors and to create
fine details.
► Eyck
imitated nature by observing reality
and portraying details, not by using
perspective.
2. Albrecht Dürer- an artist for Germany incorporated
the laws of perspective that he learned in Italy.
► He tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty that
was based on careful examination of the human
form.
5) Christian Humanism:
► The
Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin
Luther which was the religious reform movement,
divided the western Church into Catholic and
Protestant groups.
• Several earlier developments would set the stage
for religious change.
•
Italian humanism spread to northern Europe
creating a movement called Christian humanism.
•
Christian humanists believed in the ability of
human beings to reason and improve themselves.
•
They wanted to reform the Catholic Church.
► This
reform would occur through developing inner
piety, or religious feeling, based on studying the
works of Christianity by reading the classics.
► They believed that in order to change society they
must 1st change the human beings who make it up.
► The best known Christian humanist
was Desiderius Erasmus.
• He developed what he called “the philosophy of
Christ that would show people how to live good
lives on a daily basis rather than a system of
beliefs to practice to achieve salvation.
•
Erasmus provide education to people about
Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Catholic
Church.
Erasmus sought reform in the Catholic church, but
not breaking away.
► His ideas prepared the way the Reformation.
Why was there a call to reform?
1. The Popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual
needs. More concerned with Italian politics and
world interest.
2. Church Offices used their church offices to
advance their careers and wealth.
3. The church sold indulgences which were to
release you from all or part of the punishment for
sin.
►
• Most people found the Church unconcerned
with their spiritual needs.
• This environment helps explain Luther’s ideas.
6) Describe the role of Martin Luther in the
Reformation:
• Martin Luther was a monk and professor at the
University of Wittenberg, where he lectured on
the Bible.
• Luther came to reject the Catholic teaching that
both faith and good works were necessary for
salvation.
• He believed that salvation was through faith
alone. Roll tide
►
•
The idea of justification (being made right before
God) by faith alone is the Protestant
Reformation’s chief teaching.
For all Protestants, the Bible, not the Church,
became the only source of religious truth.
Luther’s main problems with Catholicism:
1. Faith and goods works lead to salvation.
2. The sale of indulgences.
3. Priest could not marry and had to remain
celibate.
•
The widespread selling of indulgences upset
Luther.
Ch.5-Section 4
► Predestination
► In Geneva, Calvin created what in his
reform?
► Who believed in predestination?
► Describe the Act of Supremacy of 1534?
► What group was considered dangerous
radicals?
► Describe the 3 pillars of Catholic Reform?
► What happened at the Council of Trent?
► in
1517 Luther sent a list of Ninety-five Theses to
his church superiors. They attacked abuses in
selling indulgences.
► In 1520, Luther called for the German princes to
overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed
German church.
► Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments–
baptism and Communion.
• Luther continued to emphasize his new doctrine of
salvation. It was faith alone.
• The Catholic Church excommunicated Luther
in 1521.
• The Edict of Worms made Luther an outlaw in
the empire.
► Luther’s
religious movement soon became a
revolution.
► It gained support from many German rulers. Who
converted the church to State churches.
• Luther set up new services to replace the Mass,
featuring Bible readings, preaching the word of
God, and song.
• His doctrine became known as Lutheranism, the
first Protestant faith.
• From the beginning Luther’s movement was tied to
politics.
• Charles I of Spain would become the Holy Roman
Emperor and become Charles V.
►
He wanted to keep all this Catholic and under
the control of his Hapsburg dynasty, but he faced
many problems.
Charles V would face 4 major problems:
1. The French
2. The Turks
3. The Papacy(Pope)
4. Germany’s internal situation
In the end Charles V would not be strong
enough to defeat the German Lutheran
Princes in conflicts.
►
►
So in 1555 Charles signed the Peace of
Augsburg treaty which accepted the
division of Christianity in Germany.
•
German states could choose between
Catholicism and Lutheranism.
•
All states would have the same legal rights.
•
Rulers could choose their subjects’ religion.
Spread Of Protestantism:
•
Switzerland would be home to 2 major
Reformation movements:
1. Zwinglian Reformation
2. Calvinism
► Ulrich
Zwingli a priest in Zurich began o
introduce religious reform.
► Zwingli
abolished all relics and images from the
city.
• new service of scripture reading, prayer, and
sermons replaced the Catholic Mass.
► In
1531, Zwingli was killed in a war between
Protestant and Catholic states
in Switzerland.
• John Calvin assumed the leadership of
Protestantism in Switzerland.
• Calvin fled Catholic France for Switzerland after
he converted to Protestantism.
Luther2. Erasmus3. Indulgences4. Peace of Augsburg5. Edict of Worms6. What were the views of Christian Humanists?
7. Describe Luther’s problems with Catholicism?
8. What was the 1st Protestant religion?
9. What was Luther’s 95 Theses?
10. What problems did Charles V face?
1.
► He
placed emphasis on the all-powerful nature of
God.
• This led him to the important idea of
predestination, which meant that God in
an “eternal decree” had determined in advance
who would be saved (the elect) and who would be
damned (the reprobate).
• He created a church government and a body
called the Consistory, which enforced moral
discipline.
• Missionaries trained in Geneva were sent
throughout Europe. 
• By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism had
replaced Lutheranism as the most important form
of Protestantism.
Reformation in England:
► Not
religion but politics brought about the English
Reformation.
► King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife,
Catherine of Aragon, whom he thought could not
give him a male heir.
• The pope was unwilling to annul (declare invalid)
his marriage, Henry turned to England’s church
courts. 
• The archbishop ruled that Henry’s marriage to
Catherine was null and void.
• Henry then married Anne Boleyn, who was
crowned queen and who gave birth
to a girl. Who later became Queen Elizabeth.
►
•
in 1534 Parliament moved to break England’s
Catholic Church away from the pope in Rome.
The Act of Supremacy of 1534 ruled that the king
was the supreme head of the new Church of
England. It would strengthen the kings power.
The king controlled religious doctrine, clerical
appointments.
2. Henry dissolved the monasteries and sold their
land and possessions to the wealthy.
3. This gave him more money and supporters.
►
He stuck close to Catholic teachings, however.
► Edward VI succeeded him.
1.
• During his reign, church officials moved the
Church of England, also called the Anglican
Church, in a Protestant direction.
• Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in
1553.
• She wanted to return England to Catholicism
• She earned the name “Bloody Mary” by having
300 Protestants burned as heretics.
• By the end of her reign, England was more
Protestant than ever.
The Anabaptist:
• The radical Anabaptists rejected the involvement
of the state in church affairs.
► To
them the true Christian church was a voluntary
community of adult believers who had undergone
spiritual rebirth and had then been baptized.
• This belief in adult baptism separated the
Anabaptists from both Catholics and Protestants,
who baptized infants.
• Anabaptists believed in separation of church and
state.
• Government was not to even have political
authority over real Christians.
• Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms.
• Their political and religious beliefs caused
Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals.
• Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to
persecute Anabaptists.
• Mennonites and Amish are Anabaptist
communities.
• the Catholic Church revitalized in the sixteenth
century for three chief reasons: the Jesuits, reform
of the papacy, and the Council of Trent.
• A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola
founded the Society of Jesus, known as the
Jesuits.
• Jesuits took a special vow of obedience
to the pope. 
• They used education to spread their message.
► Pope
Paul III saw the need to reform
the papacy and appointed a Reform Commission
in 1537 to determine the Church’s ills.
• It blamed the corrupt policies of the popes.
• Pope Paul III also convened the Council of Trent.
• In 1545, a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots,
and theologians met in Trent.
• Its final decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic
teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs.
• Both faith and works were needed for salvation.
• The seven sacraments, Communion, and clerical
celibacy were upheld and selling indulgences was
forbidden.
► After
the Council of Trent, the Roman Catholic
Church had a clear body of doctrine and was
unified under the pope.