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Warm-up List three effects of the Black Death? 1. Asdahsjdh Ashkashkajs asjhaksjhakjsh 2. What do you think the word ‘Renaissance’ means? 3. Write down all you know or have ever heard about the Renaissance? The European Renaissance… 1350- mid 16th century Causes of the Renaissance During the Late middle ages, Europe suffered from both war and plague. Those who survived need something to live for, to make them happy again. They wanted to celebrate the life and the human spirit The Renaissance means “rebirth” European Renaissance (1300-1600s): rebirth of ideas and culture reminiscent of Greece & Rome Started in Italy The Renaissance followed the Middle Ages Primary development in urban centers (cities) Why Italy? 1. Thriving cities 2. A wealthy merchant class 3. Classical heritage of Greece and Rome Florence, Italy main Italian city-state (a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit) where Renaissance began Became wealthiest city-state Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to other European locations Venice used its coastal location for international trade Crusades opened up trade in the Mediterranean Sea Renaissance… Political Importance: -society was mainly run by wealthy merchant families -ex: The Medici- powerful banking family in Florence Economic Importance: -these families traded w/ many other countries and spread Renaissance “ideas” -traded w/ Byzantine & Islamic Empires, England & the Netherlands Renaissance… Social Importance: time of recovery from Black Plague & political instability Italian thinkers emphasized humanism Humanism: focus on importance of the individual & positive human qualities The Renaissance put more emphasis on the work and worth of the individual Looking to Greece and Rome 1. The artists and scholars of Italy drew inspiration from the ruins of Rome that surrounded them. 2. Western scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries. 3. Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453. Humanists Focus on human potential and achievements Instead of trying to make classical texts agree with Christian teachings, as medieval scholars had, humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values. Popularized the study of subjects common to classical education, such as history, literature, and philosophy. These subjects are called the humanities. “Renaissance Man” During this period Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. In fact, the individual should strive to excel in almost every area of study. Someone who excels in multiple fields/ has many talents is considered a ‘Renaissance Man’ He should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music, and write poetry. In addition he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman! Modern Day examples Will Smith Justin Timberlake Who else can you think of ? Time out! Review What 3 advantages promoted the Renaissance developing in Italy? Humanism focused on what? Renaissance means? Of what? Warm-up 1. What was a result of the Commercial Revolution? 2. The issue over lay investiture was about? 3. The act of __________, which means selling of church positions, although illegal was practiced a lot in the early middle ages. 4. Define Vernacular 5. This document limited the king’s power in England Machiavelli “Renaissance Man” from Florence Political Importance: He wrote The Prince Most writers emphasized the importance of monarchs ruling according to Christian ethics and principles He believed monarchs should rule according to what was best for everyone, not according to Christian principles per se. A king or prince might have to trick his enemies and even his own people for the good of the state Machiavelli was not concerned with what was morally right, but with what was politically effective. Petrarch “The father of Humanism” Believed God gave people intelligence & talents that should be used to the fullest in all aspects of life Credited with perfecting the sonnet (14 line poem) Known for being one of the first people to refer to the Dark Ages Dante Wrote humanist literature in common everyday language of the time Widely considered to be “father of the Italian language” b/c of the local dialect he used Wrote the Divine Comedy On the surface the poem describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven; but at a deeper level it represents the soul's journey towards God. His search for Salvation Dante’s inferno Erasmus Best known Christian Humanist Believed in reforming Catholic Church from within and ending corruption Wrote the Praise of Folly. This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars and pompous priests. Taught that obedience to the Bible and sincere devotion to God were more important than religious rituals Warm-up Johannus Gutenburg was famous for doing what? Who was Saladin and what were the “great things Christians will remember” him doing? Which statement concerning the Renaissance in Europe is based on opinion rather than on fact? a. b. c. d. Literature began to appear in languages other than Latin. The art of the Northern Renaissance was superior to that of the Italian Renaissance. Art reflected the ideas of humanism and individualism. Art produced during the Renaissance had religious as well as secular themes. Heroes in a Half Shell When you think Renaissance artists think of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, because they were named after them. Michelangelo Donatello Leonardo Raphael They were sculptors, poets, architects and painters Renaissance art ppt Donatello Made sculptor more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality. Considered the greatest sculptor before Michelangelo Raphael Younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo Famous for his use of perspective-shows 3 dimensions on a flat surface Leonardo da Vinci Original “Renaissance Man” Expert in painting, sculpting, engineering, physics, anatomy, etc. Interested in how things worked He studied the human body and how it works and then incorporated his findings into his art. Thought of many inventions that couldn’t actually be built until the 20th century Leonardo da Vinci… Most famous works of art: Mona Lisa The Vitruvian Man The Last Supper Michelangelo Renaissance artist Best known for idealized paintings & sculptures of the human form Created human images to reflect the “divine beauty of God” The Sistine Chapel David Sistine Chapel Official residence of the Pope in Vatican City Michelangelo painted 12,000 sq. feet of the chapel ceiling from 1508-1512 Originally the ceiling was painted blue with gold stars Michelangelo was originally intimidated by the whole thing and preferred to decline- he considered himself more of a sculptor than a painter Review Time 1. How did Italy’s cities help make it the birthplace of the Renaissance? 2. What does it mean to be a “Renaissance man”? 3. What are the main characteristics of Humanism? 4. Give me one cause of the Renaissance. The Protestant Reformation… Prior to this, the Catholic Church had dominated religious practice & politics in Europe for hundreds of years… Protestant Reformation During the Middle Ages the Catholic Church possessed tremendous political power This was a movement against certain practices of the Catholic Church It was called Protestant because in 1529 a number of German princes Protested efforts by the Catholic emperor to impose Catholicism to all the territories in Germany. So where did Protestantism come from? Martin Luther Note: He is not black, he IS NOT MARTIN LUTHER KING JR Catholic monk & professor Began to disagree with many aspects of Catholicism Ex: selling indulgences. what is this? -believed people could only have salvation by mercy of God, not by doing good deeds like Catholic church said Martin Luther… Eventually broke away from Catholic church Publicly posted, printed, & distributed his 95 Theses which attacked Catholic practices Martin Luther… His ideas became a catalyst for the Protestant Reformation Lutheranism (named after Martin Luther) developed as the 1st Protestant faith John Calvin He’s in Switzerland Early convert to Protestantism Wrote summary of Protestant beliefs, established him as leader within the faith Believed in predestination, God is all powerful & has already decided who will receive salvation & who will not Eventually “Calvinism” became the foundation for the Presbyterian church Henry VIII King of England Wanted to divorce his wife because she had yet to give him a male heir. Is this ok? Established Protestant Church in England called the Anglican Church Let him divorce his wife, but other than that kept many of the same ideas as the Catholic Church Elizabeth I Queen of England, daughter of Henry VIII Turned her father’s Anglican Church into a moderate form of Protestantism during her reign as Queen Her reign is known as the Elizabethan Era characterized by the flourishing of English Dramas and the works of men like William Shakespeare. Johannes Gutenberg Printed 1st Bible in Europe with movable type Movable type- allowed ideas of Protestant Reformation to spread rapidly New printing industry- encouraged more people to learn/read Gave people more access to religious texts & literature The Counter Reformation a.k.a- Catholic Reformation The Jesuits Group of Catholics who wanted to restore Catholicism to those areas in Europe who had converted to Protestantism Missionaries, took a vow of allegiance to the Pope Recognized as new religious order within Catholicism Using education, restored Catholicism to many areas in Europe Council of Trent Body of Catholic Bishops Met over 18 year period to work on reforming corrupt practices in Catholicism Upheld the idea that good works were required for salvation, & use of indulgences Age of Exploration Look at Packet. Notice the different explorers and their routes they took. Mercantilism Based on idea that countries need a large supply of gold & silver to have prosperity Countries gain gold & silver by exporting goods European countries used their colonies to their advantage “God, Gold and Glory” Served as major motivations for European Expansion Mercantilism… European colonies provided raw materials to their “mother” countries European countries sent finished goods back to the colonies This trading method benefited colonies & the European countries Columbian Exchange Large-scale exchange of plants, diseases, animals, and people Exchange was between eastern & western hemispheres Began after Columbus’ first voyage to the “Americas” Commodities, like sugar, tobacco, cotton, and rice transformed European culture Europeans imposed new ideas on Native American societies The Enlightenment Enlightenment Period which produced new ideas about government Whose ideas do we know about that came out of this time period? John Locke Rousseau Since Newton had discovered natural laws governing the universe, many believed there were natural laws governing politics, economics, and other aspects of society as well. They Call it a Revolution…. French, Haitian and Latin American Revolution The French Revolution AKA “The Reign Of Terror” Is regarded as the most social, political, and economic event in modern history. Marked the end of Europe’s old order of a world dominated by rich aristocrats and the beginnings of a new order valuing equality, representative government, individual rights, and nationalism. France Vs. France French society was divided between three estates 1) The Clergy (Catholic Bishops, priests, etc) 2) The Nobility (rich, land-owning aristocrats) which occupied many of the nations positions of leadership and influence 3) Consisted of the more common classes and made up the majority of the population. Included Peasants, Shopkeepers, farmers and the Bourgeoisie (middle class) France and America France had helped us in the American Revolution George Washington Decided he wanted to stay out of it The Neutrality Act of 1794 made it illegal for an American to wage war against another country at peace with the United States. Napoleon eventually takes over control of France Napoleon Bonaparte oIn 1799 he overthrew French government and declared himself Emperor • He made peace with the Catholic Church (previously viewed as the enemy of the revolution) oProvided France with it’s first set of national laws since the revolution known as “the Napoleonic Codes” oHe is most remembered for his military campaigns. oHe took over France through a ‘Coup’ How did such a little man have so much power? He defeated Austria, Prussia and Russia by 1807, making him master over much of Europe He exercised authority over various independent states (Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and parts of Germany) He also forced nations he defeated to join him in wars against Great Britain As Napoleon acquired more territory and influence, ideas and principles of the French Revolution, such as equality, nationalism and religious toleration, spread to other countries What would make this little man fall? 1) He could never defeat the British (think geographic advantages of Great Britain) 2) As the French Empire spread, so did nationalism 3) Despite his keen since to military overpowerment, he made some key mistakes Most notably to invade Russia Tired, cold and starving Haitian Revolution Haiti was a French colony In 1791, black slaves in Saint-Dominique rebelled against their white masters after learning of a revolution in Europe. Toussaint L’Ouverture became their leader, proclaimed himself ruler, and then freed all the slaves. First Free Black Country Latin American Revolution Almost all of Latin America was controlled by Spain Latin America is composed of South America and Middle/Central America During this time these countries began to feel discontent towards Spain and Portugal. Resented what they saw as unfair economic policies. By 1810 Jose de San Martin led forces that expelled the Spanish from Argentina. Simon Bolivar liberated Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador from Spanish rule. Simon Bolivar is credited with leading the fight for Independence from Spain