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What was the Renaissance?
What was the Renaissance, and where did it begin?
•Italy
•Italian Cities
•Urban Societies
•Major Trading Centers
•Secular
•Moved away from life in the church
•Worldly rather than spiritual & concerned with the
here and now
•Focuses more on material objects and enjoying life
The Renaissance was a time of renewal
Renaissance means rebirth and Europe
was recovering from the Dark ages and
the plague.
People had lost their faith in the church
and began to put more focus on human
beings.
How did the Crusades contribute to
the Renaissance?
• Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
• Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
• Encouraged the use of credit and banking
• Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest
helped to secularize northern Italy.
• Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite
trade.
• New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals)
were introduced.
Italy failed to become united during the Ages.
Many independent city-states emerged in northern
and central Italy that played an important role in
Italian politics and art.
Major Italian Cities
Milan
One of the richest cities, it controls trade
through the Alps.
Venice
Sitting on the Adriatic, it attracts trade
from all over the world.
Florence
Controlled by the De Medici Family, who
became great patrons of the arts.
Genoa
Had Access to Trade Routes
All of these cities:
Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with
Middle Eastern markets
• Served as trading centers for the distribution of
goods to northern Europe
• Were initially independent city-states governed
as republics
Milan
Venice
Genoa
Florence
Medici Family
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Powerful banking family that ruled Florence, Italy.
Owned branch banks throughout Italy & major cities
of Europe.
Cosimo de Medici and later his grandson Lorenzo
de Medici (known as Lorenzo the Magnificent),
ruled as dictator of Florence.
How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks
and Romans foster humanism in the Italian
Renaissance?
Humanism
•Focused on human potential & achievement
• Celebrated the individual
• Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and
culture
• Was supported by wealthy patrons
The Renaissance Man
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All educated people expected to produce art.
Ideal individual strove to master almost every area
of study.
A man who excelled in many fields was praised as
a “universal man” or “Renaissance man.”
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in
the arts, philosophy, and literature.
Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works
which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became
increasingly secular.
Medieval art and literature focused
on the Church and salvation
Renaissance art and literature
focused on individuals and worldly
matters, along with Christianity.
Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and
Rome in their art
They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on
humanity and emotion
New Techniques also emerged
Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it
gave depth to the paintings
Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form
Architecture reached new heights of design
Perspective
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Perspective shows three
dimensions on a flat
service.
Perspective based on
an optical illusion.
As parallel lines stretch
away from a viewer,
they seem to draw
together, until they
meet at a spot on
horizon called the
vanishing point.
Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is
considered to be one of the most inspired men
who ever lived
David
Michelangelo
created his
masterpiece
David in
1504.
Sistine Chapel
About a year after creating
David, Pope Julius II
summoned Michelangelo to
Rome to work on his most
famous project, the ceiling
of the Sistine Chapel.
Creation of Eve
Separation of Light and Darkness
Creation of Adam
The Last Judgment
La Pieta 1499
Marble Sculpture
Moses
1452-1519
Painter, Sculptor,
Architect, Engineer
“A true Renaissance
man”
Genius!
Mona Lisa
Renaissance artists
Showed individuals
As they really looked.
The Last Supper
Notebooks
Raphael
Painter
1483-1520
The School of Athens
Pythagoras
Plato and Aristotle
Socrates
Raphael (back)
Euclid
Zoroaster & Ptolemy
Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved
Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making
 Ruler keeps power by any means necessary
 The end justifies the means
 Be good when possible, and evil when necessary
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The word Machiavellian describes any crafty or deceitful
action used for one’s own advantage
Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli
The Prince
Machiavelli believed:
“One can make this generalization about
men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars,
and deceivers, they shun danger and are
greedy for profit”
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of
his day and produced guidelines for the
acquisition and maintenance of power by
absolute rule.
He felt that a ruler should be willing to
do anything to maintain control without
worrying about conscience.
Northern Renaissance
Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe –
especially England, France, Germany, & Flanders
• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported
Renaissance ideas.
• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas
with Christianity.
• The movable type printing press and the production
and sale of books
(Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Jan Van Eyck
Portrait of
Giovanni Arnolfini
and his Wife
(1434)
Northern
Renaissance
Van Eyck
Portrait of
Giovanni
Arnolfini and
his Wife
(detail)
Literature flourished during the Renaissance
This can be greatly attributed to Johannes
Gutenberg
In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced
by using moveable type.
The Bible
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideals
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2.
3.
Block printing & movable type invented in China –
not practical for their language.
In 1440, Gutenberg, a craftsman from Germany:
Perfected movable type
Met the demand for increased knowledge could
print hundreds of copies of one work.
First book printed was the Bible.
Impact Upon Society
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Books were cheaper so more people could buy them.
Increase in literacy and the desire to learn in Europe
Published legal proceedings made laws more clear- people
could better understand their rights.
Christian Humanists changed ideas about how life should be
led.
Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, & charts led to
further discoveries in a variety of fields.
People began to question political structure and religious
practices.
Christian Humanist
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Critical of the failure of the Christian Church to
inspire people to live a Christian life.
Focus: Reform of society.
Education was important.
Promoted education of boys and girls.
Best known Christian humanists Erasmus & Thomas
More.
Erasmus
“I disagree very much with those
who are unwilling that Holy
Scripture, translated into the
vernacular, be read by the
uneducated . . . As if the
strength of the Christian religion
consisted in the ignorance of it”
The Praise of Folly
Used humor to show the immoral
and ignorant behavior of people,
including the clergy. He felt
people should be open minded and
be kind to others.
Made fun of merchants, heartsick lovers,
Scholars & priests…Believed true
Christianity was in the heart, not
Ceremony or rules.
Sir Thomas More
English Humanist
Wrote: Utopia
A book about a perfect society
Believed men and women live in
harmony. No private property,
no one is lazy, all people are
educated and the justice system
is used to end crime instead of
executing criminals.
Petrarch
Father of Renaissance humanism
Wrote Poetry and Sonnets
Francesco Petrarch
1304-1374
Assembled Greek and
Roman writings.
Wrote
Sonnets to Laura,
love poems in the
Vernacular (written in
common language of a
region)
The Elizabethan Age
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Queen Elizabeth I = Queen of England (1558 –
1603)
Well educated.
Spoke many languages
Wrote poetry & music
Supported English art & literature
William Shakespeare
Most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age
Quotes by Shakespeare:
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At one fell swoop
Foul play
Good riddance
High time
Lie low
Mum’s the word
Vanish into thin air
Neither here nor there
The game is up
Timed Writing Assignment
Many historians believe that the creation of the printing
press was the greatest human achievement. Still others
argue that the development of agriculture affected
human society more than any achievement since. What
do you think is the greatest development, invention,
or advancement of humans throughout history?
Write a 3 – 5 paragraph essay in which you give
reasons for your choice. You have 25 minutes to
complete your essay.
The Reformation
Chapter 17 Section 3
 Martin Luther Leads
the Reformation
 England’s
Transformation
What does Reformation mean
A movement for religious reform
Causes Included many forces:
1.
Economic –
2.
Political –
3.
Social –
4.
Religious -
Social Factors
The Spread of the Printing Press
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Renaissance writers
emphasized humanism
and secularism and led
people to question the
church.
The printing press
aided in the spread of
these ideas.
Economic Factors
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Merchants resented paying church taxes.
Some leaders were jealous of church’s wealth.
Charging indulgences by friars and priests.
Tetzel was raising $ to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral
An indulgence pardons an Individual from sin.
NOT supposed to affect God’s right to judge, but
Tetzel gave the impression it would buy a way into
heaven.
Religious Factors
Some church leaders had become worldly and corrupt
 Pope Alexander VI fathered many children
 Priests were illiterate and broke their vows
Sale of indulgences and other practices were seen as
unacceptable.
Political Factors
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Kings challenged the authority of the pope.
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Pope was viewed as a foreign ruler.
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Germany was divided between loyalty to the pope
and emperor.
The Reformation unfolds:
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Who? Martin Luther (a monk)
When? October 31, 1517 - decided to stand against
the indulgences.
Where? Whittenberg, Germany
Problem- Indulgences and others
Response- Luther posted his 95 Thesis on the cathedral
door – invitation to debate.
95 Thesis – confront the church & call for reform.
Reaction- mass distribution around Germany and calls
for reform.
Luther’s Teachings
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Wanted to reform the whole church.
Luther rejects all but two of the sacraments, baptism & holy
communion.
Luther attacks monasticism, clerical celibacy, & the authority of
the pope.
Luther re-translates the Old & New Testaments, & asserts that
the ultimate authority is scripture.
The Diet of Worms ( a German parliamentary) council charges
Luther with heresy.
He does not recant.
The Protestant Reformation ensues.
Luther’s Teachings
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Wanted to
reform the
WHOLE church
Led to the
founding of
Christian
churches that
don’t accept the
pope’s authority
Luther’s
Teachings
Church’s
Teachings
Salvation through
faith in God’s
teachings only
Salvation through
faith and GOOD
WORKS
The Priest was no
better than other
believers
People need the
priests to interpret
the Bible for them
Teachings should
ONLY be based on
the Bible. The
pope and Church
traditions were
false authority
The pope and
Church traditions
were the final
authority on earth.
The Response to Luther
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Roman Catholic Church
considered Luther a
nuisance & a threat, they
excommunicate him.
Emperor – Charles I tried
him & then declared him an
outlaw & heretic.
People – many embraced
his ideas – became a new
religious group called the
Lutherans.
OOPS – The Peasants Revolt…
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Many applied his religious
ideas to society
1524 – many serfs called
for the end of serfdom &
revolted.
Luther was not supportive &
urged German princes to
show them no mercy.
100,000 deaths – many
peasants rejected Luther’s
religious reforms.
The Peasant Revolt
Germany as a whole…
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Divided over the whole thing!
Northern princes supported Luther – some for
political reasons
Those on Luther’s side were known as protestants
because they protested against the Catholic Church.
Peace of Ausburg
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Charles V did push back the northern princes,
but could not force them back to the Catholic
Church.
1555 – weary of fighting, the princes met in
Ausburg & agreed that each ruler would
decide the religion for his state.
England becomes Protestant
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For political reasons, not religious
The Details:
Henry VIII – was king, a devout Catholic and
married to Catherine of Aragon.
Henry wanted a male heir, his only child to survive
by Catherine was a daughter named Mary.
Henry wanted to divorce his wife and marry a
younger woman.
PROBLEM: The Catholic Church did not allow
divorce!
Henry’s Plight….
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Henry asked the pope for an annulment – the pope
refused because Charles I was Catherine’s nephew.
Henry called on the Parliament to end the pope’s
power in England. AKA Reformation Parliament.
Henry’s divorce was legalized by Parliament & he
married Anne Boleyn.
Act of Supremacy – called on the people to accept
Henry as the head of the church.
Those who disagreed were often executed for
treason
Henry’s Saga Continues
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Anne gave Henry another daughter, Elizabeth.
Anne was charged with treason and executed.
Henry marries Jane Seymour.
Jane gives birth to a son, Edward.
Jane died.
Henry VIII married 3 more times …. No son
Edward dies young.
Eventually Henry daughter, Elizabeth inherits the
throne.
Elizabeth’s Reign
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Set up the Church of England – ANGLICAN church.
Only legal church in England.
A mix of Catholic & Protestant beliefs
Brought some religious peace to England
In many ways, she was just like her father.
John Calvin & Calvinism
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2.
3.
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1.
2.
3.
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
People are sinful by nature
People can not earn salvation
God chooses a few people to save (the “elect”) &
has known who they are from the beginning of
time (Predestination)
Ideal Government = Theocracy
Became the leader of Genevea
Ran by strict rules
Model city for high morality
John Knox & others spread Calvinism
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From Scotland
Followers = Presbyterians
Deposed Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) and made
her infant son (James) King
Swiss, Dutch and French reformers also adopted
Calvinism
Violence was common between Catholics and
Calvin’s followers.
Anabaptists
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Only people who could decide to be a Christian
are baptized.
Called for re-baptism of those baptized as infants
Church and politics should be separate
Refused to fight in wars
Shared possessions with each other
Seen as radicals by Catholics & Protestants and
were persecuted by both groups
Influenced Quakers, Amish and Baptist groups
The Catholic Reformation
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1.
2.
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1.
2.
3.
AKA Counter-Reformation
Goal = to reform the church from within
Ignatius of Loyola
Son of a Spanish Nobleman
Spiritual Exercises – daily plan of meditation, prayer, and
study
Jesuits
1540 “followers of Jesus”
Three goals or activities:
Schools throughout Europe
Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
Stop the spread of Protestantism
Pope Paul III Reforms the Church
Founded the Jesuits
 Council of Cardinals investigated indulgences
 Inquisitions to seek out heresy in his territories
 Council of Trent – bishops and cardinals
agreed on church doctrines.
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Results of the Council of Trent
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Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final- all
others were heresy.
Faith and good works = salvation
The Bible and church tradition were equally
powerful in guiding Christian life.
Indulgences = valid expression of faith, but the
false selling of them was wrong.
Pope Paul IV – The Index of Forbidden Books
(banned book list) – included the Protestant Bible
led to the burning of thousands of books
The Legacy of the Reformation
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1.
2.
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4.
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1.
2.
3.
Religious & Social effects
New denominations developed
The Catholic church was more unified
Education was emphasized
Women’s roles remained unchanged
Political effects
Individual monarchs strengthened their power
Development of modern nation-states
Laid the ground-work for the Enlightment
Bibliography
Images from:
Corbis.com
Web Gallary of Art
www.wga.hu