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Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Renaissance
Pg. 314-320
Meaning and Characteristics of
the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance = Rebirth
Rebirth of antiquity – Greco-Roman civilization
Jacob Burkhardt
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
Portrayed Italy as the birthplace of the modern world
Urban Society
City-states dominated political, economic, & social life
Age of Recovery
Effects of Black Death, political disorder, economic recession
Emphasis on individual ability
New social ideal of a well rounded or universal person
Wealthy upper class, not a mass movement
Possible Test Question
The Italian Renaissance was primarily
a mass movement of the peasants.
characterized by a preoccupation with religion.
a product of rural Italy.
a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and GrecoRoman culture.
a religious reform movement.
Possible Test Question
According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance
in Italy represented
the greatest period of economic recovery in the history
of civilization.
a period of moral decline.
An era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian
government.
A continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages.
A distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true
birth of the modern world.
The Making of Renaissance
Society
Economic Recovery
Italian cities lose economic supremacy
• Lost their advantage due to the plague
Hanseatic League
• Commercial organization of German Towns
Manufacturing
• Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy (firearms)
Banking
• Florence and the Medici
• Patron to the arts
Possible Test Question
The Medici controlled the finances of the
Italian city-state of
Venice
Rome
Milan
Florence
Naples
Possible Test Question
What was the commercial and military
league set up off the north coast of
Germany?
Delian League
Prussian Confederation
Baltic League
League of German Cities
Hanseatic League
Possible Test Question
Two key areas of Renaissance technological
innovation were
fireworks and glass making.
mill construction and hydraulics.
mining and metalworking, including
manufacture of firearms.
Optical instruments and lens grinding.
The use of the vault and the arch.
Social Changes in the
Renaissance
The Nobility (2nd Estate)
Reconstruction of the aristocracy
Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population
Pursued education to maintain role in government
Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529)
The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Impeccable character, grace, talents and noble birth
Achievements such as military and bodily exercises
Classical education, well versed in the arts
Service to the prince
Ideal of a well developed personality became the social ideal for
the aristocracy
Possible Test Question
Castiglione’s The Courtier was a
primer on military training for nobles.
very popular handbook laying out the new skills in
politics, the arts, and personality expected of
Renaissance aristocrats.
sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life.
treatise against active participation in public life.
work on how to achieve political power and then keep
it.
Possible Test Question
The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were
the products of
an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy
patrons, artists, and intellectuals.
a mass movement in which all sections of society
participated and contributed.
a narrow religious movement directed almost entirely
by clerics.
a political movement in essence controlled mainly by
kings.
Foreign inspiration and influence, particularly from
Islamic Spain.
Peasants and Townspeople
Peasants (3rd Estate)
Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban Society – hierarchy of 3rd Estate
Patricians – wealth from trade, industry, banking
Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and
guildsmen
The poor and unemployed (30-40% of urban pop.)
Slaves
• Black Death caused a shortage of workers
• Slavery declined by the end of the 15th century
Possible Test Question
The Third Estate of the fifteenth century
was
predominately urban
essentially free from the manorial system,
especially in eastern Europe.
relatively free from violence and disease in
urban areas.
overwhelmingly made up of peasants.
made up of clergy and nobles.
Possible Test Question
The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth
century occurred largely as a result of
continued warfare and the capture of foreign prisoners.
the shortage of labor created by the Black Death.
papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship with
pagans.
movements for Italian naval domination of the
Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower.
the importation of slaves from Africa.
Family and Marriage in
Renaissance Italy
Husbands and Wives
Arranged Marriages
• Size of dowry depended on status
Husband head of household
• Had to legally free kids or emancipate them
Wife managed household
• Had lots of babies!
Children
Childbirth
• Approx. 10% of mothers died
• 50% of children didn’t reach the age of 20
Sexual Norms
Aristocratic men had affairs quite often
Prostitution was seen as a necessary vice
Possible Test Question
Which of the following statements best describes
marriage in Renaissance Italy?
Young men asked women for their hand in marriage,
after a lengthy courtship.
Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses.
Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial
alliances.
Men and women waited longer to get married than in
the Middle Ages.
Men and women married earlier than in the Middle
Ages because of increased economic opportunities.
The Italian States in the
Renaissance
Five Major Powers
Milan
• Francesco Sforza
Venice
Florence
• Cosimo Medici (1434-1464)
• Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492)
The Papal States
• Looked to regain control over Urbino, Bologna, & Ferrara
Kingdom of Naples
Italian States Cont’d
Independent City-States
Mantua
• Vittorino da Feltre
Ferrara
• Governend by the D’Este family
Urbino
• Federigo da Montefeltro
• Wife was Battista Sforza, niece of Francesco Sforza
The Role of Women
Battista Sforza governed Urbino when her husband was
gone
Naples was strongly influenced by Isabella d’Este
• Helped rule Mantua before & after her husband’s death
Italian States Cont’d
Warfare in Italy
Balance of power between city states existed
• Until Ludovico Sforza invited French to intervene in Italian
polics
• Other states turned to Spain for help
Struggle between France and Spain
• Charles VIII of France vs. Ferdinand of Aragon
• After 1510, Francis I of France vs. Charles I of Spain
• Charles I sacked Rome in 1527 ending the Italian wars
Invasion and division
• Still only a slight sense of Italian nationalism
• Italy will not be a unified nation until 1870
Possible Test Question
By the fifteenth century, Italy was
a centralized state.
dominated by the Papal States exclusively.
the foremost European power.
dominated by five major regional independent
powers.
made up of hundreds of independent city-states.
Possible Test Question
Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling
women was
Battista Sforza.
Isabella d’Este.
Christina of Milan.
Catherine de Medici.
Christine de Pizan.
Possible Test Question
Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was
an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent
Italian warrior prince.
an outspoken advocate of Italian unification.
a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the
papacy.
strictly opposed to the proliferation of
condottieri in Italy.
a pious subject of the papacy.
Possible Test Question
The Peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what
key Italian Renaissance political concept?
rule through intimidation
peace at any price
a balance of power between multiple,
competing territorial states
the useless nature of paper treaties
the inevitability of war and violence
Map 12.1: Renaissance Italy
The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
Modern diplomacy a product of
Renaissance Italy
Ambassador used to be a servant of
Christendom
Changing concept of the ambassador
Resident ambassadors
Agents of the territorial state
Machiavelli and the New
Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
The Prince (1513)
Realistic examination political rule
Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political
power
Prince should act on behalf of the state, not his
conscience
Cesare Borgia
• Pope Alexander VI son
• Perfect model for the The Prince
Possible Test Question
Machiavelli’s ideas as expressed in the The
Prince achieve a model for
a republican state in Italy.
a new attitude of moral responsibility among
politicians.
a modern secular concept of power politics.
a deeply religious conception of the religious
sanctity of the state.
the justification of divine right monarchy.
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Classical Revival
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)
• New Cicero
Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)
Humanism and Philosophy
Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
• Translates Plato’s dialogues
• Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Renaissance Hermeticism
Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the
Dignity of Man
Education, History, and the
Impact of Printing
Education in the Renaissance
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric),
letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and
music
Education of women
Aim of education was to create a complete citizen
Humanism and History
Secularization
Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence
The Impact of Printing
Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable type (1445 – 1450)
• Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
The spread of printing
Art in the Early Renaissance
Masaccio (1401 – 1428)
Perspective and Organization
Movement and Anatomical Structure
Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475)
The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510)
Primavera
Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
David
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446)
The Cathedral of Florernce
Church of San Lorenzo
Masaccio, Tribute Money
The Artistic High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Last Supper
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
The Sistine Chapel
Raphael, School of Athens
The Artist and Social Status
Early Renaissance
Artists as craftsmen
High Renaissance
Artists as heroes
The Northern Artistic
Renaissance
Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441)
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
Adoration of the Magi
Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and
His Bride
Music in the Renaissance
Burgundy
Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474)
The Renaissance Madrigal
The European State in the
Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
France
• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)
England
• War of the Roses
• Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)
Spain
•
•
•
•
•
•
Unification of Castile and Aragón
Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity
The Inquisition
Conquest of Granada
Expulsion of the Jews
Map 12.2: Europe in the Second
Half of the Fifteenth Century
Map 12.3: The Iberian Peninsula
Central, Eastern, and Ottoman
Empires
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Dynasty
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Europe
Poland
Hungary
Russia
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine
Empire
Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory
Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and
Southeastern Europe
The Church in the Renaissance
The Problems of Heresy and Reform
John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy
John Hus (1374 – 1415)
• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the
clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)
Church Councils
The Papacy
The Renaissance Papacy
Julius II (1503 – 1513)
• “Warrior Pope”
Nepotism
Patrons of Culture
• Leo X (1513 – 1521)
Discussion Questions
Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from the
Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval Period?
What social changes did the Renaissance bring about?
How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political
power?
How did the printing press change European society?
What technical achievements did Renaissance artists
make? Why were they significant?
What was the relation between art and politics in
Renaissance Italy?
How did the popes handle the growing problems that were
emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth
Century?
Web Links
Renaissance Secrets
Explore Leonardo’s Studio
Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC
Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn
Renaissance – Focus on Florence
The Uffizi Gallery – Florence
Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel
Gutenberg.de
The War of the Roses
The Ottoman Website