Download World History

Renaissance
and
Reformation
(1350-1600)
Renaissance

The Renaissance Attitude:
• Individualism
• Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian
• Revival of Classical values
Renaissance

Means rebirth
• Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome)
• Begins in Italy
Coliseum
Acropolis
Italy
Characteristics




Urban society = “city states”
Recovery from “horror” of 14th Century (plague
(black death), church problems, political instability)
Belief in human achievement & individualism
Largely reserved for wealthy upper class
“Men can do all
things if they
will”- Leon Batista
Alberti
The Italian States




Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and
political life
Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous
trading centers that help promote “Renaissance
spirit”
Italy= no king
How did they get there?
Duomo in Milan
Gondolas in Venice
Uffizi Gallery in Florence
Medici Family

13th - 17th Century Florentines
• Attained great wealth via
banking & trade industries
• Wealth = political power
• Greatest contribution to the
Renaissance was in sponsorship
of artists and architects
Cosimo de’ Medici
Lorenzo de’ Medici
Renaissance Society

Middle Ages =society
divided into 3 estates or
social classes:
1. Nobility
2. Peasants or Townspeople
3. Clergy

Similar structure during
Renaissance, however,
important change taking
place
Nobility

Only 3% of
population but
dominate European
society:
• Hold important
political posts
• Advisors to monarchs,
popes, princes
• Land & business
owners
• Intent on acquiring,
holding, and keeping
POWER
Nobility and Behavior


Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill
certain ideals or standards
Outlined by Castiglione (kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in
The Book of Courtier (1528)
1. A noble is born, not made; “blood will
out”
2. Military skill & classical education
3. Code of conduct
Power

Machiavelli – The Prince,
(1505)
• One of most influential books
ever written on “how to
acquire and keep political
power”
• A political realist = The “end
justifies the mean”
Peasants & Townspeople

By 1500:



More and more peasants became legally free from
the “manorial system”
Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople,
diverse urban setting
Still a rather miserable life
Family & Marriage




Arranged marriages
Dowry (sum of $ paid by
wife’s family to husband
upon marriage)
Father is absolute head
of household
Adulthood reached when
children officially “freed”
from father’s rule
Humanism



Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on
the “individual” = Humanism
Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek
& Roman literary works)
Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar,
poetry, philosophy, history
• Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Often called father of
Renaissance
• Gathered, recovered, and
organized Latin
manuscripts thus creating
large collections or libraries
for scholarly study
• Humanists’ stressed using
Latin
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Dante (1265-1321)
• Famous work = Divine Comedy (soul’s journey
to salvation)
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Chaucer (1343-1400)
• Famous work = The Canterbury Tales
(collection of stories – 29 pilgrims
journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas
Becket at Canterbury, England)
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Christine de Pizan (1365-1430)
• Famous work = The Book of the City of
Ladies (denounced male scholars &
writers that argued women, by nature,
were unable to learn to level equal with
men)
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Masaccio (1401-1428)
• Famous work = Known for “fresco”
painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with
water-based paints
Tribute Money
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
• Famous work = architect, best known for
cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del
Fiore
Dome of Santa
Maria del Fiore
Intellectual & Artistic
Contributors

Donatello (1386-1466)
• Famous work = sculptor, best known for
St. George and St. Mark statues in
Florence
St. George
St. Mark
The Masters

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• “Renaissance Man”
• Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor,
inventor, scientist - best known for paintings
Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
The Masters

Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Famous works = painter, sculptor – best
known for Sistine Chapel & David
David
Sistine Chapel, Rome
The Masters

Raphael (1483-1520)
• Famous works = painter with countless
achievements (Madonna paintings)
School of Athens
Sistine Chapel
Madonna
The Northern Renaissance

The mingling of Renaissance ideas with
Northern European culture created a
unique Northern Renaissance
ERASMUS
SHAKESPEARE
The Northern Renaissance

Albrecht Durer- often considered the
greatest painter of the Northern
Renaissance
ALBRECHT DURER-”SELF PORTRAIT”
DURER’S “ADORATION OF THE MAGI”
The Northern Renaissance

Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used
innovative oil painting techniques
JAN VAN EYCK
“ARNOLFINI PORTRAIT”
The Northern Renaissance

Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in
an attempt to reform the Church and society
 Desiderius Erasmus- wrote The Praise of Folly,
which mocked society and a Christianity he
believed had fled many of its core principles.
 Thomas More- wrote Utopia, a description of an
ideal society
ERASMUS’ CENSORED WORK
THOMAS MORE
The Northern Renaissance

William ShakespeareGenerally considered the
greatest writer in the English
language. Was inspired by
Renaissance ideas and drew
on the classics as inspiration.
The Northern Renaissance



Johann Gutenberg developed
a new type of printing press
using innovations from both
Europe and China
One of the most important
inventions ever
The printing press and
vernacular literature combined
to spread knowledge and
human freedom in ways that
seemed unimaginable prior to
the Renaissance
The Protestant Reformation

Name given to religious
reform that divided the
western Christian Church
into Catholic &
Protestant groups
• Humanism had an impact
on movement that
demanded reform of the
Roman Catholic Church
• Desiderius Erasmus –
criticized the Church in his
work The Praise of Folly for
emphasizing practices
(rites) over principles
Church Abuses

Many moved to
criticize Church for
perceived abuses &
corrupt practices




Popes more concerned
with political instead of
spiritual matters
Church officials gained
much wealth while
most Christians
suffered
Sale of indulgences
(release from all or part
of the punishment for
sin)
Because literacy was
spreading, people were
forming their own
opinions about
theological matters
Johann Tetzel’s sale of Indulgences:
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul
from purgatory springs.’
Martin Luther

German monk and Professor at
Wittenberg University– on Oct.
31, 1517 presented list of
Ninety-five Theses objecting to
Church practices



Believed man cannot do enough
good works to earn salvation
(original sin)
Instead, man is saved by God’s
grace by way of FAITH =
“Justification by Faith”
Catholic Church charged him with
heresy & excommunicated him
(1521) & declared him an outlaw via
Edict of Worms
95 Theses
Fun Facts






Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all
Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!”
41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther
burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn
bad books.”
After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned
and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid
him.
Luther created the modern Church service with Bible
readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass.
Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because
they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs.
June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the
nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain
the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.
Politics of Reformation


German princes
mobilized behind Luther’s
teachings as a way to
oppose Monarch rule of
Charles V (Holy Roman
Emperor – Hapsburgs)
Charles V forced to settle
peacefully = Peace of
Augsburg (1555)

German states allowed to
choose between
Catholicism or Lutheranism
Spread of Protestantism

Ulrich Zwingli – priest introduced
reforms in Switzerland, could not
agree to alliance with Lutheranism
• Killed 1531 in war between Catholic &
Protestant states in Switzerland

Leadership in Switzerland passed on
to John Calvin who held beliefs
similar to Luther, however, he
believed “God had determined in
advance who would be saved” =
predestination
• By mid-16th Century, Calvinism replaces
Lutheranism as largest form of
Protestantism
Spread of Protestantism





Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva,
Switzerland. Society was governed by a strict
moral code.
Geneva becomes the most important Protestant
city in Europe.
Calvin completed his enormously influential
commentary on the Bible called “Institutes of
the Christian Church”.
This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of
many contemporary denominations.
The main points of Calvin’s theology are often
summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.
Reformation in England





King Henry VIII – desired annulment
of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
(no male heir)
He wants to marry Ann Boleyn
Pope Clement VII would not grant
Henry a divorce; why?
In 1534 via Act of Supremacy England
broke away from the Catholic Church
formed Anglican Church or Church of
England
How different was the Church of
England from Catholicism?
Additional Protestant Groups



Some protestants adopted practice of “adult
baptism”
Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned
them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted
them
Today, many protestants practice adult
baptism and the Mennonites and Amish are
the most strict of the Anabaptist descendents
Catholic Reformation
(Counter Reformation)

In response to Protestant Movement, the
Church was forced to address reform:
• Jesuits – The Society of Jesus led by Ignatius of
Loyola, swore allegiance to the pope and used
education to spread message
• Council of Trent (1545) – met off and on over 18
years


Reaffirmed both works and faith necessary for salvation
(“faith without works is dead”)
Selling of indulgences forbidden
Ignatius of Loyola
Council of Trent
Catholic Reformation
(Counter Reformation)



The Catholic Church had to make difficult
choices. In many cases, rather than give
ground to Protestants, they chose to become
more devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "I
will believe that the white that I see is black if
the hierarchical Church so defines it.“
Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide
leadership
Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish
Inquisition)
Legacy of the Reformation




Protestant Christianity becomes dominant
Western religion
Both Protest Reformation and Catholic
Reformation lead to increased education (ex:
Colleges)
States gain power
Questioning of authority leads to democratic
ideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment