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Renaissance and Reformation (1350-1600) Renaissance The Renaissance Attitude: • Individualism • Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian • Revival of Classical values Renaissance Means rebirth • Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome) • Begins in Italy Coliseum Acropolis Italy Characteristics Urban society = “city states” Recovery from “horror” of 14th Century (plague (black death), church problems, political instability) Belief in human achievement & individualism Largely reserved for wealthy upper class “Men can do all things if they will”- Leon Batista Alberti The Italian States Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and political life Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous trading centers that help promote “Renaissance spirit” Italy= no king How did they get there? Duomo in Milan Gondolas in Venice Uffizi Gallery in Florence Medici Family 13th - 17th Century Florentines • Attained great wealth via banking & trade industries • Wealth = political power • Greatest contribution to the Renaissance was in sponsorship of artists and architects Cosimo de’ Medici Lorenzo de’ Medici Renaissance Society Middle Ages =society divided into 3 estates or social classes: 1. Nobility 2. Peasants or Townspeople 3. Clergy Similar structure during Renaissance, however, important change taking place Nobility Only 3% of population but dominate European society: • Hold important political posts • Advisors to monarchs, popes, princes • Land & business owners • Intent on acquiring, holding, and keeping POWER Nobility and Behavior Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill certain ideals or standards Outlined by Castiglione (kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in The Book of Courtier (1528) 1. A noble is born, not made; “blood will out” 2. Military skill & classical education 3. Code of conduct Power Machiavelli – The Prince, (1505) • One of most influential books ever written on “how to acquire and keep political power” • A political realist = The “end justifies the mean” Peasants & Townspeople By 1500: More and more peasants became legally free from the “manorial system” Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople, diverse urban setting Still a rather miserable life Family & Marriage Arranged marriages Dowry (sum of $ paid by wife’s family to husband upon marriage) Father is absolute head of household Adulthood reached when children officially “freed” from father’s rule Humanism Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on the “individual” = Humanism Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek & Roman literary works) Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, poetry, philosophy, history • Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Petrarch (1304-1374) • Often called father of Renaissance • Gathered, recovered, and organized Latin manuscripts thus creating large collections or libraries for scholarly study • Humanists’ stressed using Latin Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Dante (1265-1321) • Famous work = Divine Comedy (soul’s journey to salvation) Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Chaucer (1343-1400) • Famous work = The Canterbury Tales (collection of stories – 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, England) Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Christine de Pizan (1365-1430) • Famous work = The Book of the City of Ladies (denounced male scholars & writers that argued women, by nature, were unable to learn to level equal with men) Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Masaccio (1401-1428) • Famous work = Known for “fresco” painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Tribute Money Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Brunelleschi (1377-1446) • Famous work = architect, best known for cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del Fiore Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore Intellectual & Artistic Contributors Donatello (1386-1466) • Famous work = sculptor, best known for St. George and St. Mark statues in Florence St. George St. Mark The Masters Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) • “Renaissance Man” • Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist - best known for paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Mona Lisa The Last Supper The Masters Michelangelo (1475-1564) • Famous works = painter, sculptor – best known for Sistine Chapel & David David Sistine Chapel, Rome The Masters Raphael (1483-1520) • Famous works = painter with countless achievements (Madonna paintings) School of Athens Sistine Chapel Madonna The Northern Renaissance The mingling of Renaissance ideas with Northern European culture created a unique Northern Renaissance ERASMUS SHAKESPEARE The Northern Renaissance Albrecht Durer- often considered the greatest painter of the Northern Renaissance ALBRECHT DURER-”SELF PORTRAIT” DURER’S “ADORATION OF THE MAGI” The Northern Renaissance Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used innovative oil painting techniques JAN VAN EYCK “ARNOLFINI PORTRAIT” The Northern Renaissance Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in an attempt to reform the Church and society Desiderius Erasmus- wrote The Praise of Folly, which mocked society and a Christianity he believed had fled many of its core principles. Thomas More- wrote Utopia, a description of an ideal society ERASMUS’ CENSORED WORK THOMAS MORE The Northern Renaissance William ShakespeareGenerally considered the greatest writer in the English language. Was inspired by Renaissance ideas and drew on the classics as inspiration. The Northern Renaissance Johann Gutenberg developed a new type of printing press using innovations from both Europe and China One of the most important inventions ever The printing press and vernacular literature combined to spread knowledge and human freedom in ways that seemed unimaginable prior to the Renaissance The Protestant Reformation Name given to religious reform that divided the western Christian Church into Catholic & Protestant groups • Humanism had an impact on movement that demanded reform of the Roman Catholic Church • Desiderius Erasmus – criticized the Church in his work The Praise of Folly for emphasizing practices (rites) over principles Church Abuses Many moved to criticize Church for perceived abuses & corrupt practices Popes more concerned with political instead of spiritual matters Church officials gained much wealth while most Christians suffered Sale of indulgences (release from all or part of the punishment for sin) Because literacy was spreading, people were forming their own opinions about theological matters Johann Tetzel’s sale of Indulgences: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.’ Martin Luther German monk and Professor at Wittenberg University– on Oct. 31, 1517 presented list of Ninety-five Theses objecting to Church practices Believed man cannot do enough good works to earn salvation (original sin) Instead, man is saved by God’s grace by way of FAITH = “Justification by Faith” Catholic Church charged him with heresy & excommunicated him (1521) & declared him an outlaw via Edict of Worms 95 Theses Fun Facts Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!” 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn bad books.” After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid him. Luther created the modern Church service with Bible readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass. Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs. June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread. Politics of Reformation German princes mobilized behind Luther’s teachings as a way to oppose Monarch rule of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor – Hapsburgs) Charles V forced to settle peacefully = Peace of Augsburg (1555) German states allowed to choose between Catholicism or Lutheranism Spread of Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli – priest introduced reforms in Switzerland, could not agree to alliance with Lutheranism • Killed 1531 in war between Catholic & Protestant states in Switzerland Leadership in Switzerland passed on to John Calvin who held beliefs similar to Luther, however, he believed “God had determined in advance who would be saved” = predestination • By mid-16th Century, Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as largest form of Protestantism Spread of Protestantism Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Society was governed by a strict moral code. Geneva becomes the most important Protestant city in Europe. Calvin completed his enormously influential commentary on the Bible called “Institutes of the Christian Church”. This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of many contemporary denominations. The main points of Calvin’s theology are often summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P. Reformation in England King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (no male heir) He wants to marry Ann Boleyn Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why? In 1534 via Act of Supremacy England broke away from the Catholic Church formed Anglican Church or Church of England How different was the Church of England from Catholicism? Additional Protestant Groups Some protestants adopted practice of “adult baptism” Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted them Today, many protestants practice adult baptism and the Mennonites and Amish are the most strict of the Anabaptist descendents Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) In response to Protestant Movement, the Church was forced to address reform: • Jesuits – The Society of Jesus led by Ignatius of Loyola, swore allegiance to the pope and used education to spread message • Council of Trent (1545) – met off and on over 18 years Reaffirmed both works and faith necessary for salvation (“faith without works is dead”) Selling of indulgences forbidden Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) The Catholic Church had to make difficult choices. In many cases, rather than give ground to Protestants, they chose to become more devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it.“ Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadership Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish Inquisition) Legacy of the Reformation Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Western religion Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Colleges) States gain power Questioning of authority leads to democratic ideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment