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CHARLEMAGNE
SSWH7 The student will analyze European medieval society
with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics.
a. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of
peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of
Charlemagne.
CHARLEMAGNE
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http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne
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Charlemagne (c.742-814)
Karl and Charles the Great
medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814
771, Charlemagne became king of the Franks, a Germanic tribe in presentday Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and western Germany
embarked on a mission to unite all Germanic peoples into one kingdom, and
convert his subjects to Christianity
skilled military strategist, he spent much of his reign engaged in warfare in
order to accomplish his goals
800, Pope Leo III (750-816) crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans
In this role, he encouraged the Carolingian Renaissance, a cultural and
intellectual revival in Europe with help of RCC
When he died in 814, Charlemagne’s empire encompassed much of Western
Europe, and he had also ensured the survival of Christianity in the West
father of Europe.
Einhard (c. 775-840), a Frankish scholar and
contemporary of Charlemagne, wrote a
biography of the emperor after his death
 In the work, titled “Vita Karoli Magni (Life of
Charles the Great),” he described Charlemagne
as “broad and strong in the form of his body and
exceptionally tall without, however, exceeding an
appropriate measure…His appearance was
impressive whether he was sitting or standing
despite having a neck that was fat and too
short, and a large belly.”
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Charlemagne was the first Emperor in
Western Europe since the fall of the West
Roman Empire three centuries earlier.
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The Frankish king Charlemagne was a
devout Catholic and maintained a close
relationship with the papacy throughout
his life. In 772, when Pope Adrian I was
threatened by invaders, the king rushed to
Rome to provide assistance. Shown here,
the pope asks Charlemagne for help at a
meeting near Rome.
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SSWH7 The student will analyze European
medieval society with regard to culture,
politics, society, and economics.
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b. Describe the political impact of Christianity;
include Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV.
CHRISTIANITY
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IN THE MIDDLE AGES…
period of missionary activity and expansion
Monasticism became a powerful force throughout
Europe, and gave rise to many early centers of learning
Pope Gregory the Great dramatically reformed
ecclesiastical structure and administration (operational
and governance structure )
Development of medieval universities
Development of holy orders of RCC, groups which took
ministry of church to urban areas
Crusades
Pope Gregory VII
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best known for the part he played in the
Investiture Controversy, his dispute with
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that
affirmed the primacy of papal authority
and the new canon law governing the
election of the pope by the College of
Cardinals
HENRY VII
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He twice excommunicated Henry, who in the end
appointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the
political power struggles between the Catholic Church
and his empire
The Investiture Controversy or Investiture
Contest was the most significant conflict between
Church and state in medieval Europe. In the 11th and
12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the
authority of European monarchies over control of
appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as
bishops and abbots.
RESULT: CONCORDAT OF WORMS (VURMS)
THE RRC APPOINTS BISHOPS BUT THE
HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, GERMAN KING,
COULD VETO.
 HENRY IV (4)
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d. Describe how increasing trade led
to the growth of towns and cities.
TRADE
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most of the peasants were involved with industry or trade
most people had animals and grew their own food
once a week they held a market where they rented stalls
tradesmen bought goods and sold them in their own villages
pots, pans, knifes and tools were traded in their villages
larger towns had fairs drawing people from all over Europe
fairs were held once a year but lasted weeks, sometimes months
kings and nobles sent agents to the fairs to buy goods
the towns need trade to grow
the trade was the beginning of small shops
the towns grew rapidly were fortunate to be a good trade route
goods locations attracted merchants
merchants attracted buyers during the Crusades
tempted by the goods such as silk, spices,tapestries and sugar
in the beginning traders sold their goods in local markets and fairs
all over Europe people began learning and perfecting the skills needed to produce
goods
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during the middle ages there were no really
large cities
most towns had 1000 to 10,000 people
the medieval towns became crowed and smelly
The Middle Ages saw the rapid expansion of
Medieval trade and commerce. The most
important factor was the Crusades.
Growth of trade results in growth of Italian
citystates…GENOA, VENICE, PISA, FLORENCE
SSWH9 The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and Reformation.
 a. Explain the social, economic, and
political changes that contributed to the
rise of Florence and the ideas of
Machiavelli.
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WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE
RENAISSANCE?
RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance
 "to be reborn"
 cultural movement that spanned the
period roughly from the 14th to the 17th
century, beginning in Italy in the Late
Middle Ages and later spreading to the
rest of Europe
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THE RENAISSANCE LED TO…
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Growth of Latin and vernacular literatures
resurgence of learning based on classical
sources (by Petrarch…)
development of perspective and other
techniques of rendering a more natural reality in
painting
educational reform
development of diplomacy (the art of conducting
negotiation-relations with nations)
Scientific observation
best known for its artistic developments
and the contributions of such men as
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who
inspired the term "Renaissance man“
 ART (PAINTING, SCULPTURE, MUSIC,
LITERATURE, ARCHITECTURE)
 A polymath is a Renaissance Man, a
person whose expertise spans a significant
number of different subject areas
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http://www.history.com/topics/italian-renaissance/videos#the-renaissance
CITY-CENTER OF
RENAISSANCEFLORENCE (ITALY)
 PITTI AND MEDICI
FAMILIES OF
FLORENCE
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FLORENCE
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capital city of the Italian
region of Tuscany and of
the province of Florence.
center of medieval
European trade and
finance and one of the
wealthiest cities of the
time
birthplace of the
Renaissance
Athens of the Middle
Ages
ruled by the powerful
Medici family
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late Middle Ages, Florentine money—in the form of the
gold florin—financed the development of industry
Cosimo de' Medici was the first Medici family member to
essentially control the city
Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to
their rise (ascendancy.)
Cosimo was succeeded by his son Piero, who was, soon
after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo
Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, commissioning
works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli
"Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico).
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COSIMO
PIERO
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LORENZO
LORENZO
Italian statesman
 ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian
Renaissance
 Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by
contemporary Florentines
 diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and
poets
 gave large amounts of money to artists so they could
create master works of art
 His life coincided with the high point of the Italian
Renaissance and his death coincided with the end of the
Golden Age of Florence
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0
The Republic of Florence , or the
Florentine Republic, was a city-state
that was centered on the city of Florence,
located in modern Tuscany, Italy. The
republic was founded in 1115
 ANOTHER FAMOUS FLORENTINE…
 Niccolò Machiavelli
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Machiavelli - political thinker
 most renowned for his political handbook
titled, The Prince, which is about ruling
and the exercise of power
 Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli
also wrote the Florentine Histories
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Niccolo Machiavelli
 diplomat for 14 years in Italy's Florentine
Republic during the Medici family's exile
 wrote The Prince, a handbook for
politicians on the use of ruthless, selfserving cunning, inspiring the term
"machiavellian."
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Italian historian, politician, diplomat,
philosopher, humanist and writer based in
Florence during the Renaissance
 official in the Florentine Republic, with
responsibilities in diplomatic and military
affairs
 a founder of modern political science
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BASILICA OF SANTA CROCE, FLORENCE, ITALY
(BASICLICA OF THE HOLY CROSS)
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s25kX24j250
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mgSPiAiBjU
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Scholars often note that Machiavelli glorifies
instrumentality in statebuilding - an approach embodied
by the saying that "the ends justify the means." Violence
may be necessary for the successful stabilization of
power and introduction of new legal institutions. Force
may be used to eliminate political rivals, to coerce
resistant populations, and to purge the community of
other men strong enough of character to rule, who will
inevitably attempt to replace the ruler. Machiavelli has
become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that
he would be remembered in history through the
adjective, "Machiavellian."
QUOTES, THE PRINCE
THE ENDS JUSTIFIES THE MEANS.
 IT IS BETTER TO BE FEARED THAN
LOVED.
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HUMANISM
SSWH9 The student will analyze
change and continuity in the
Renaissance and Reformation. o.
 Explain the main characteristics of
humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch,
Dante, and Erasmus.
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HUMANISM
 Renaissance humanism
 intellectual reform initiated by scientists,
academics, and civic leaders during the
post-Medieval Renaissance period
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The roots of Renaissance humanism can be traced to the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries
 arose out of medieval scholastic education which
emphasizing practical, pre-professional and scientific
studies
 Scholasticism that focused on preparing men to be
doctors, lawyers or professional theologians was often
derived from surviving Greco-Roman texts on logic,
natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology
 development of Renaissance humanism was fostered by
scholastic institutions in the cities of Florence, Naples,
Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.
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sought to create an informed citizenry who were
textually literate, and not only able to read and
write but also able to employ critical knowledge
in the civic realm
 accomplished through providing study of the
broader studia humanitatis curriculum: grammar,
rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy
 Renaissance humanist scholars often saw their
work as a means to revive the cultural legacy
and academic productivity of classical antiquity.
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http://www.history.com/videos/humanism-triggers-the-renaissance#humanism-triggers-the-renaissance
HUMANISTS
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Explain the main characteristics of
humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch,
Dante, and Erasmus.
PETRARCH
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Francesco Petrarca (20 July 1304 – 19 July
1374)
in English as Petrarch
Italian scholar and poet, and one of the earliest
humanists
"Father of Humanism“
Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated
throughout Europe during the Renaissance and
became a model for lyrical poetry
developed the concept of the "Dark Ages“
the first tourist
 collected crumbling Latin manuscripts and
was a prime mover in the recovery of
knowledge from writers of Rome and
Greece
 Love sonnets to Laura
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DANTE
Durante degli Alighieri
 Dante , Italian, c. 1265–1321)
 Italian poet of the Middle Ages
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Divine Comedy
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greatest literary work composed in the
Italian language and a masterpiece of
world literature
DANTE;
DIVINE COMEDY
("the Supreme Poet")
 He, Petrarch and Boccaccio are also
known as "the three fountains" or "the
three crowns“
 called the "Father of the Italian language".
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DIVINE COMEDY
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A poem
imaginative and allegorical vision of the afterlife
(device in which characters or events represent
or symbolize ideas and concepts)
culmination of the medieval world-view as it had
developed in the Western Church
Helped establish the Tuscan dialect, in which it is
written, as the standardized Italian language
divided into three parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and
Paradiso
describes Dante's travels through Hell,
Purgatory, and Heaven
represents allegorically the soul's journey
towards God
At this deeper level, Dante draws on
medieval Christian theology and
philosophy
ERASMUS
Desiderius Erasmus
Roterodamus
 1466 – 1536)
 Erasmus of
Rotterdam
 Dutch Renaissance
humanist, Catholic
priest, social critic,
teacher, and
theologian
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Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style
proponent of religious toleration
"the crowning glory of the Christian humanists“
prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New
Testament
influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic CounterReformation
wrote The Praise of Folly
Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing European
religious Reformation and supported RCC reform
recognized the authority of the pope
emphasized a middle way, with a deep respect for traditional faith,
piety and grace, and rejected Luther's emphasis on faith alone