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Do Now (Connection to Film) Think back to the film from last class… Define the following in regards to the Renaissance: Commerce Globalization How did these two factors impact Europe in the mid 14th centaury? The Crusades Why Important? How did they impact the development of the Renaissance? What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance? The Crusades Why Important? Increased contact with Eastern civilizations (Muslims) leading to increased commerce and globalization How did they impact the development of the Renaissance? + for Italian port cities + intellectual ideas What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance? Causes of the Renaissance Black Death Political disorder Economic recession RENAISSANCE th 14 Century Recovery Black Death Political disorder Economic recession The Black Death (Plague) Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease Labor is hard to find (scarce) Towns and many serfs freed from feudal obligations Church’s influence declines. Disrupts pattern of trade. Economic Effects of the Crusades Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money) and banking. Important Economic Concepts Church rule against usury and the bank’s practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and speed-up trade. New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. Impact of Crusades and Black Death Feudalism no longer works Growth of trading towns and cities Cities are free from feudal obligations Manorialism no longer works Not enough workers Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase in trade The Italian Renaissance Rebirth? Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture circ. 1300 to 1527(?) Italy Powerful city-states Politically, economically, socially Secularism Education System Remnants of Greatness City States Italy lacked a single ruler Major City States… Papal Milan Venice Florence Milan 1447= Francesco Sforza (Duke) Strong centralized state Efficient tax system Florence, Venice, & Genoa (Italy) Were initially independent city-states governed as republics. Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern Markets. Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Venice Run by merchant class (aristocracy) Florence 1434 = Cosimo & grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici (d. 1492) Spoils system helped them keep control Cultural center of italy Supporters (Patrons) of the arts! Balance of Power Papal States/Rome Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI - 1492) Highly Secular Cesare Borgia – Commander of Papal Armies Renaissance Society Social Hierarchy Clergy Nobility Everyone else Patricians / traders, merchants Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans Low wage earners, unemployed Patriarchal in nature Arranged marriages w/ dowries Humanism o Humanism was an ideal that focused on the world of mankind as much as a concern for the hereafter. o Rejected medieval view of humanity and focused on the goodness of mankind 20 5/22/2017 Humanism Emphasis on the individual Well rounded Educated Loyal Physically fit High Renaissance 1480 - 1520 Art in Italy Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa Last Supper Masaccio Frescoes Wet plaster / water based paint Perspective = 1 or 2 point Art Stresses Organization Geometry Realism Sculpture Donatello “Saint George” Filippo Brunelleschi Architecture Medici’s were patrons “Church of Saint Lorenzo” Artwork in the Middle Ages Techniques in Medieval Art Halo 2-D Theme Color Proportion The Epiphany Giotto di Bondone Saint Andrew Simone Martini The Pentecost Mosan Artwork in the Renaissance Renaissance timeline Michelangelo David Donatello David Michelangelo Raphael Leonardo REFORMATION 1400 1500 1600 Perspective Vanishing Point Techniques in Renaissance Art Foreshortening Chiaroscuro Colors used Sfumato Posto / Contrapposto Realism Portrait Socrates Plato Aristotle Raphael The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael Andrea Mantegna c. 1480 Andrea Mantegna c. 1480 Annunciati on with St. Emidius By: Carlo Crivelli Annunciation with St. Emidius By: Carlo Crivelli Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622) Johannes Vermeer Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622) Johannes Vermeer Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife Sfumato The Last Supper Leonardo DaVinci Where do we see examples of all these different techniques? Renaissance Art Evaluating the Progression from Medieval to Renaissance Madonna and Child in Glory By Jacopa di Cione 1360/65 Miraculous Mass of Martin of Tours Franconian School Ca. 1440 Madonna and Child with St. John Guiliano Bugiardini 1510 Adoration of the Shepherds Giovanni Agostino da Lodi 1510 The Adoration of the Magi by the Kress Monnogrammist, ca. 1550/1560 The Bean Eater by Annibale Carracci, 1582/83 Spread of Renaissance Possible w/Gutenberg’s innovative movable metal type printing press (1445) By 1500, a thousand printers published 40000 tiles (1/2 religious) Literacy rates spiked as did cultural diffusion Northern Renaissance Starts in 1450, 100 years later than Italy Cultivated knowledge of classics (& early Christian writers) Tried to apply classics to Christianity for reform Promoted simpler Christian interpretation than complicated Medieval dogma Northern vs. Italian Art Northern Renaissance Art Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional In painting, Flanders School used oil/more intense w/realism perspective not as important Due to religion, art seen in illuminated manuscripts, especially Limbourg Brothers & altarpieces Northern v. Italian Art Italian Northern Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco, tempura, architecture Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration, Oil on…, glazing Perspective, Symmetry, Balance, Good sense of Mass Detail, Naturalism Classical Mythology, Religious Interiors, Portraits, Religious Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use of Anatomy Extreme / Minute Detail Book of Hours (religious prayer book) Jan van Eyck Realistic ainter who worked on details His Altarpiece of Ghent, portrait of a Man & Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife are his most famous works Rogier van der Weyden Deposition Robert Campin’s Merode Altarpiece Albrecht Durer Self Portrait (1500) St. Jerome dans sa cellule (1514) Engraving Pieter Brughel The Harvesters 1565, Oil on wood Peasant Wedding 1568 Women? Rare, but at times politically influential Isabella d’Este (Mantua) Turn to page 422 Intellectual Renaissance Humanism! Petrarch Study of classical GrecoRoman past 14th cent. Father of Italian Humanism Liberal arts Stressed classical Latin (Rome) Civic duty Individual purpose is to best serve the state Grammar Rhetoric Poetry Moral philosophy Ethics history The Intellectual Renaissance Writers and Philosophy Vernacular Dante’ Alighieri Geoffrey Chaucer Francois Rabelais Italian English French “Divine Comedy” “The Canterbury Tales” “Pantagruel and Gargantua” Collection of stories from individuals from all walks of life Son and Father Giants Comical Satire How to gain salvation through his travels through the levels of hell, purgatory, heaven Niccolo Machiavelli Florentine Diplomat Forced into exile Wrote “The Prince” Question: How does a Prince obtain and maintain power? How Should Nobility Act? Baldassare Castiglione says… “The Book of the Courtier” / “Il Cortiere” 1. born into, have character 2. physical, military, and classical edu. 3. show achievement w/ grace Purpose = win favor with and serve Prince End of Renaissance 1527 Italian wars = 30 years French Charles VIII (1494) takes over kingdom of Naples Other city-states turn to Spanish for protection (Charles I) Troops are not able to be paid, thus sack Rome for the spoils