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The Renaissance 1450-1600 ■ Essential Question: – What was the Renaissance? – What factors led to the rise of the Renaissance? Western Europe emerged from the Middle Ages The Renaissance during an era known as the Renaissance From 1300 to 1600, Western Europe experienced a “rebirth” in trade, learning, & Greco-Roman ideas During the Renaissance, Europeans developed new ideas in art, gov’t, & human potential The Renaissance marked the beginning of the “modern era” Individuals became the center of attention during the Renaissance Social status was based on wealth & ability, not birthright A new way of thinking began during the Renaissance called Humanism Humanists studied the “classical” ideas of Greece & Rome & believed that education could make the world a better place SOUTHERN RENAISSANCE Italian Renaissance Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning, 1350-1600, based on Greece and Rome Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and tried to outdo one another City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture Sculptors created natural poses Renaissance architecture Simple, elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Roman Magnificent domed cathedrals Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things Drew inspiration from classical models especially Greece, Rome Leading scholars included Dante, Petrarch Scholars interested in humane letters Literature, history, and moral philosophy Called humanists Recovered and translated many classical works Attention to political and social issues and graces, too Beginnings 14th Century Europe—medieval Italy—changing Centers/Patrons 1st Florence— de Medicis 2nd Rome— Roman Catholic Church Humanism and Individualism Began in 1300s Tuscany Tuscan Triumvirate Dante Alighieri Petrarch Boccaccio Tuscany The Crusades increased European demand for luxury goods from Asia Italian merchants began meeting the demand for trade in Europe As a result, Italian cities & a wealthy middle class began to form in Italy A new middle class of bankers, merchants, & skilled craftsmen gained lots of power The most important Italian city was Florence, where wealth from trade sparked the Renaissance The Medici family were wealthy bankers who used heir wealth to turn Florence into Italy’s most artistic city Significance Transition from Middle Ages to Early Modern Period Change in how man looked at himself Member of group Individual Niccolo Machiavelli Wrote The Prince Analyzed politics Observations or recommendations? Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Especially strong in France, England, Netherlands Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity (language favored was Hebrew) Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor nobles Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer, Erasmus, Protestant reformers The Northern Renaissance Scholars and merchants in 15th century carried ideas Centered in courts and universities Humanized Christianity Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg Spread quickly Cheaper, quicker and more accurate Encouraged literacy and knowledge Northern Humanism Sir Thomas More England Utopia Erasmus –Netherlands –In Praise of Folly Literature England William Shakespeare Spain Miguel de Cervantes The Protestant Reformation By the early 1500s, the Catholic Church was in turmoil over the controversy of corruption & its unwillingness to adopt reforms In Germany, a Catholic monk named Martin Luther became involved in a serious dispute with the Catholic Church Martin Luther’s stand against the Catholic Church led to the formation of a new Christian denomination known as Lutheranism Lutheranism was the first of a series of “Protestant” Christian faiths that broke from the Catholic Church Main Branches of Protestant Christianity Lutheranism: From Germany, Martin Luther’s idea that only faith could save one’s soul. Calvinism: From Switzerland, John Calvin’s idea that God has already decided who will be saved… “Predestination”. Anglicanism: From England, Henry VIII broke away from Catholic Church after the pope refused to allow him to divorce his wife.