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2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements. 3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. 5. Every society has developed some political system by which either the one, the few, or the many rule over others. Religion Review 1. 2. 3. Review your Religion chart with the following slides What are the common themes found in these religions? How may these religions lead to conflict? Renaissance – The Renaissance led to changes like the rebirth of humanism and the beginnings of questioning the existing order of religious and political power as well as development of modern science. 1. Use your notes and homework to complete a Revolution/War Snapshot Reformation– challenging the Church 1. Based on your reading from homework, complete a Revolution/War Snapshot for the Reformation 1300-1600 1 – Philadelphia 2 – London 3 – Beijing 4 – Sydney 5 – Pretoria 6 – Mumbai 7 - Lima Pacific Ocean What geography theme is represented on this map? How could we show the other themes? Arctic Ocean USA 1 North Atlantic America Ocean Mexico South Brazil 7 America UK2 Europe Russia Asia Iran Africa 3 China 6 India Iraq Nigeria 5 Antarctica Indian Ocean Oceania 4 UK Mexi Iran Brazi Niger Iraq China India USA World Religions: A Comparison Buddhism Name of Deity The Buddha did not teach a personal deity Founder Siddhartha Gautama – called the Buddha (means The Enlightened One) Holy Book No one book—sacred texts including the Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, Tripitaka, Mahayna Sutras Leadership Buddhist monks and nuns Basic Beliefs Persons achieve complete peace and happiness (nirvana) by eliminating material possessions; Nirvana achieved by following the Noble Eightfold Path. Karma is the concept that good begets good and bad begets bad. World Religions: A Comparison Christianity Name of Deity God and Jesus Christ Founder Jesus Christ and the Apostles Holy Book Bible (Pentateuch, Prophets, Kings, and Apostles) Leadership Clergy (priests, ministers, etc.) Basic Beliefs There is only one God; Jesus Christ was the son of God. He died to save humanity from sin, making eternal life possible for others; Persons achieve salvation by following teachings of Jesus World Religions: A Comparison Hinduism Name of Deity Three main Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Founder No one founder Holy Book No one book, sacred texts including the Vedas, the Puranas Leadership Guru, Holy Man, Braham priest Basic Beliefs The soul never dies but is continually reborn; Persons achieve happiness after freeing themselves of earthly desires, Freedom from earthly desires comes from lifetime of worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts. World Religions: A Comparison Islam Name of Deity God (Allah) Founder Muhammad Holy Book Qur’an Leadership Sunni and Shi’i have different clergy. Imams, mullahs, Caliphs, ayatollahs, hojjat al-islam – collectively called the Ulama Basic Beliefs Persons achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life. These pillars are faith, almsgiving, fasting (Ramadan), pilgrimage to Mecca, and prayer, Difference between Islam and Muslim… Islam is the religion and Muslims are people who understand, believe, and practice Islam properly, i.e. according to the text. Islam is to Christianity what Muslims are to Christians. World Religions: A Comparison Judaism Name of Deity God (Yahweh) Founder Abraham Holy Book Hebrew Bible (including the Torah) Leadership Rabbis Basic Beliefs There is only one God; God loves and protects his people but also holds people accountable for their sins and shortcomings; Persons serve God by studying the Torah and living by its teachings; major holidays – Rosh Hashana, Yom Kippur, Passover and Shabbat World Religions: A Comparison Confucianism Name of Deity No real deity, per se, but a sense that there are gods and spirits in Heaven Founder Confucius (Kung Fu Tzu) Holy Book The Analects of Confucius Leadership State leaders and recognized teachers Basic Beliefs To create a harmonius society, a person should live a life of virtue here on earth by following a set of ethical guidelines focused on how to relate to other people. Essentially, treat people the way you want to be treated, honor your parents, those above you and respect those below, also honor the ancestors Religions of the World Religions of the World write some conclusions you can draw about religion, people, conflict, beliefs and geography Are there similarities amongst these religions? Do they necessarily have to conflict? Religion review 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name 3 monotheistic religions Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name the texts Which religion(s) has no identified founder? Which religion(s) believe in Karma? Which religion(s) are heaven? Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a virtuous life to create a harmonious society? Religion review Name 3 monotheistic religions 1. 1. Judaism, Christianity, Islam Which religion(s) have multiple holy texts? Name the texts 2. 1. Hinduism – Puranas, Vedas, Buddhism - sutras Which religion(s) has no identified founder? 3. 1. Hinduism Which religion(s) believe in Karma? 4. 1. Buddhism Which religion(s) believe in heaven 5. 1. Islam, Christianity, to some extent Judaism depending on interpretation Which religion(s) focus primarily on living a virtuous life to create a harmonious society? 6. 1. Confucianism Enduring Understandings 1. Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. 2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements 3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Essential Questions 1. Explain the key ideas that came out of the Renaissance and the effect these ideas had on exploration, religion, the scientific revolution and government and politics. 2. Explain how the Renaissance resulted from and expanded on the radical new idea of the individual “I”. Activity 1. Use your notes and homework to complete a Revolution/War Snapshot RENAISSANCE Day 5 – Renaissance and Reformation THE RENAISSANCE The Renaissance 1300-1600 CAUSES Short-Term Long-Term Historical Centers Urban centers Merchants Secular Writings Plague Failing Dark Age Institutions Church failures Trade and travel in Mediterranean region REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS INDIVIDUALS can be great (FAME) Focus on SECULAR ideas, not religious Information for everyone, not just elite HUMANISM - focus of scholars on human potential and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history, literature, philosophy IMPORTANT… People Leonardo da Vinci Medici family Machiavelli Castiglione Dates/Events Michelangelo 1434: Medicis take control in Florence 1455: Gutenberg Bible published 1513: Prince published B. New Writing Writing to be famous How to govern, behave Machiavelli – first political scientist Famous Quotes: “The end justifies the means.” It is “much safer to be feared than loved”’. “A ruler must be both a lion and a fox.” IMPORTANT… Political/Social/ Economic Changes Humanism Growing merchant class Questioning importance of religion in gov’t Secularism becomes more acceptable Literature/Art/Music The Prince/The Courtier The Last Supper David Perspective, realism Printing press RESULTS Short-Term Long-Term Greater availability of books Changes in art/writing styles Published laws, maps, social codes, BIBLES Widespread communication People begin to question political structures/ religious practices Individuals take greater control over their own lives Renaissance Renaissance Overview Rebirth of learning and education, art and architecture, modern politics & economics Began in Northern Italy Reasons behind Northern Italy Urbanism Overseas trade led to large city-states but most of Europe still rural People came to cities to spread/learn new ideas Renaissance Reasons behind Northern Italy (cont.) Wealthy merchants Dominated politics Had to earn their wealth and power Showed their wealth and power by funding the arts Greek and Roman Heritage Used as model for the arts Scholars studied Latin manuscripts and literature Pope’s power declined England and France at war Renaissance Renaissance Mentality Humanism—focus of scholars on human potential and achievement; studied the “humanities” – history, literature, philosophy Enjoyment of World Pleasures You do not need to sacrifice to please God People began to wear fine clothing and enjoy fine foods and music Society became more secular (non-religious) Patrons of Arts Patrons of the Arts Popes and merchants became patrons (sponsors) of the arts Renaissance Renaissance Mentality (cont.) Renaissance Men Man were expected to create art and master all areas of study Men that excelled in these areas were called a “Universal man” or “Renaissance Man” Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier Let the man we are seeking be very bold, stern, and always among the first, where the enemy are to be seen; and in every other place, gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation {showiness} and that impudent {bold} self praise by which men ever excite hatred and disgust in all who hear them. What is he saying here? If you wanted to hire a man like this, what would the “Want Ad” say? The personal ad for him would read… Looking for a man who is charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He must be able to dance, sing, play music, write poetry, ride horses well, wrestle, and be a fine swordsman. He must be brave in battle yet humble outside of battle. Renaissance Renaissance Mentality (cont.) The Renaissance Woman Upper class women should also know the classics and be charming but not seek fame Should inspire art but not create it and have little influence on politics What values can we extracted from the pictures below? Renaissance Art Medieval Art Religious subjects Two-dimensional Created “ideal” people Renaissance Art Religious and secular subjects Realistic portrayal of individual Renaissance Art New Techniques Perspective Creates a 3-D appearance Parallel lines move towards a focal point on the horizon to create dimension Objects get smaller as farther back. Where is the focal point in this work? Renaissance Art New Techniques (cont.) Pyramid Configuration Symmetrical composition draws your focus to center of work for climax/focal point Chiaroscuro The contrast of light and dark are used to create dimension Fresco Painting on wet plaster Renaissance Art From Creation Panel of The Last Judgment by Michelangelo FRESCO Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel CHIAROSCURO Mona Lisa by Da Vinci PYRAMID CONFIGURATION Renaissance Art MICHAELANGELO Pieta , 1499 David, 1504 Renaissance Art MICHAELANGELO: SISTINE CHAPEL Renaissance Art LEONARDO Da VINCI Mona Lisa, 1504 Vitruvian Man, 1485 Renaissance Art The Last Supper 1498 Renaissance Art Flying Machine, 1488 Renaissance Art RAPHAEL School of Athens The Wedding of the Virgin Renaissance Art BOTTICELLI The Birth Venus Renaissance Art JAN VAN EYCK Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride Renaissance Literature and Politics Literature and Politics Niccolo Machiavelli An Italian political philosopher Wrote The Prince in 1513 While somewhat controversial, his political philosophy is still studied and used often in today’s world “The end justifies the means.” “… there are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force: the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second…” Petrarch, Boccaccio and expansion of literature Petrarch – often referred to as father of humanism Promoted writing as an important means of communication Promoted humanism – that humans are the centered of the earth and have potential and reconciled Classics with Christianity Wrote hundreds of poems and letters that were published throughout Europe - This spread literacy throughout Europe Boccaccio Wrote stories that illustrated human existence using satire and sarcasm His stories showed the frailties and foibles of humans. Renaissance: Northern Northern Renaissance Spreads to England, France, Germany, and Flanders Why? France and England involved in 100 Years War (ended 1453) Plague in northern Europe lasted longer Difference? More religious in nature than Italian art (less inspired by Greece and Rome) Renaissance Outcomes of Renaissance Strong sense of individualism Increase in secularism Look for answers beyond The Church Sciences Other Higher religious ideas literacy rate Emergence of materialism Higher standards of living Enduring Understandings 1. Geography themes of location, place, movement, human-environment interaction and region are useful tools for understanding history and current events. 2. A society’s values can be seen through their cultural and scientific achievements 3. Challenges to the social and political order frequently come from radical new ideas. Essential Question 1. Explain how the Reformation resulted from and expanded on the radical new idea of the individual “I” and then affected European politics and science. Activity 1. Use your notes and homework to complete a Revolution/War Snapshot REFORMATION Day 5 – Reformation and Scientific Revolution THE RFORMATION The Reformation 1517-1648 CAUSES Short-Term An attempt to reform a corrupt Catholic Church Teaching and sales of indulgences Sparked when Martin Luther published the Ninety-Five Theses Long-Term Corruption in all levels of the church Poor education of clergy Clergy up to pope focused on worldly pursuits rather than just religion Resistance to taxation by the newly secular merchant class and aristocracy REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS Individuals can have a personal relationship with God – they don’t need priests VERNACULAR prayers, services and bible (Guttenberg’s printing press helps) No holy relics and churches have a lot less hierarchy IMPORTANT… People Martin Luther King Henry VIII Dates/Events John Calvin John Knox (Presbyterianism) 1455: Gutenberg Bible published 1517 Luther’s 95 Theses 1532: King Henry VIII creates Anglicanism Reformation Reformation Outside Germany Henry VIII (England) Henry VIII desire for a male heir and divorce prompted the creation of Church of England Marriage to Catherine of Aragon produced female heir (Mary I) Religious changes slower in England than elsewhere middle way between Roman Catholic Church & Protestant Traditions Henry VII: Six wives whom he beheaded! IMPORTANT… Political/Social/ Economic Changes Literature/Art/Music Personal God Vernacular religious language Questioning traditional institutions 95 Theses some prohibitions of music Shakespeare RESULTS Short-Term Luther is tried, convicted, excommunicated, and the HRE issues the Edict of Worms German Princes break from HRE Led to series of religious wars that culminated (ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Peace of Westphalia German Peasant Revolt Published laws, maps, social codes, BIBLES Long-Term New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion Break up of parts of HRE Reformation spreads Luther’s reform call leads peasants to revolt against abuse and corruption in their churches and the princes who were connected to the church. Luther does not support the peasants – is appalled at their attempt to change the social order Princes massacre the peasants, with Luther’s blessing – 100,000 killed Layout of European Christendom Reformation Martin Luther Nailed Ninety-Five Theses to door of All Saint’s Church (maybe not) Theses criticized Catholic Church and Pope but concentrated on: Selling of indulgences Doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, devotion to Mary and the saints, most of the sacraments, & clerical celibacy Several reformists followed his lead with help of the printing press Reformation Reformation Outside of Germany Elizabeth I (England) Supported establishment of Protestant English Church Governed on consensus (agreement) Reign became known as the Elizabethan Era “Virgin” Queen Reformation Reformation Outside Germany John Calvin and Calvinism (Switzerland) French theologian that believed people were always combating evil and religion was guidance to fight one’s tendency toward sin Other beliefs include: Theocracy—elect those God has chosen for salvation Predestination/Predetermined Salvation—”God adopts some to the hope of life and adjudges others to eternal death” Reformation Reformation Outside Germany John Knox and Presbyterianism (Scotland) Modified Calvin’s theocracy Beliefs include: Sovereignty of God Authority of scriptures Importance of grace through faith in Christ Presbyterianism becomes national religion of Scotland The Catholic Counter-Reformation Jesuits under Ignatious of Loyola present some church reforms like building schools, gaining new converts and fighting against protestants At the Council of Trent, 3 different Popes defined Church teachings and opposed protestants in the areas of: Scripture and Tradition Original Sin, Justification, Sacraments, the Eucharist in Holy Mass and the veneration of saints but mostly just reaffirm Church doctrine Reformation Effects of Reformation Led to series of religious wars that culminated (ended) in the Thirty Years’ War that ended with the Peace of Westphalia New religions (in particular, Calvinism and other Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin Weakened the Catholic Church and promoted new states’ powers outside of religion Test your skills… Europe Map Game