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Animal Nutrition Nutritional Requirement s Undernourished – not enough calories Overnourished – too many calories Malnourished – missing one or more essential nutrients Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids Essential Vitamins Essential Minerals Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins – 20 different types Nine essential in humans all in animal proteins vegetarians need to eat grains and beans Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids – used to make phospholipids for membranes Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble – stored in fat – K, A, D, E Water Soluble – excreted in urine – B complex and C Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients – Calcium & Phosphorous bones – Iron anemia – Iodine thyroid hormones – Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium nerve function, water regulation Food Types Heterotrophic – – – – Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Insectivores Feeding Adaptations Suspension Feeders Feeding Adaptations Substrate Feeders Feeding Adaptations Fluid Feeders Feeding Adaptations Bulk Feeders Intracellular Digestion Inside cells All animals Exclusive in: – Protista – Porifera Extracellular Digestion Outside cells All animals above the sponges Two Types – Gastrovascular Cavity – Alimentary Canal Gastrovascular Cavity One opening Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminth es Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization – – – – – – – – Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus Mammalian Digestion Accessory Glands – salivary glands – pancreas – liver (emulsification) – gallbladder Peristalsis Sphincters “Food” – bolus – acid chyme – feces Macromolecule Digestion Mouth Carbo Protein Nucleic Fat Acids Initial Stomach Initial Intestine Main Main Initial Main Initial Main Dentition and Diet Nonmammal vertebrates Carnivores – canines (grasping) – incisors (tearing) – molars and premolars (crushing grinding) Herbivores Omnivores and Digestive Tracts Carnivores – shorter digestive system – small cecum Herbivores – longer digestive system – large cecum