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The Digestive System How we receive nutrients and energy to function. By: Jayne Wadsworth, Melissa Turley, Anna Rathman, and Nicole Evans Animations To view a movie about the Digestive system, click below. ( wait until site fully loads then click view movie to watch!) http://brainpop.com/health/digestive/digestion/index.weml The Digestive System The problems and diseases that can effect our digestive systems. And how we try to prevent them and treat them. Cancers • • • • • • • Cancers can effect nearly every organ in the digestive system. Digestive System Cancers: Berrett’s esophagus-condition in which abnormal cells develop on the inner lining of the lower part of the esophagus carcinoid tumor-found in the appendix or the small intestine sometimes found in pancreas tumor of the network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream Primary liver cancer-two different types one type is; hepatoma or hepatocellular carcinoma, arises from the main cells of the liver, usually confined to the liver other type; cholangiocarcinoma or bile duct cancer, starts in the cells lining the bile ducts, rare form Secondary liver cancersThere are also cancers of the stomach, esophagus, and pancreas • The treatments for these cancers are mostly chemotherapy, surgery, and/or radiation therapy Diseases in the Stomach • • • Gastritis-The mucous lining of the stomach is vulnerable to irritation this is an inflammation of the stomach lining. Can be irritated by alcohol or aspirin. Gastroenteritis is also an inflammatory condition of the lining of the stomach and the intestine. Caused by infection and/or food poisoning. Treatment includes medication and a restricted diet. Ulcers can not only happen in the stomach, but also the small and large intestine. An ulcer occurs when there is a break in the mucous membrane or skin of an organ. This results in an open sore. Treatments are for mild to moderate cases: lower quantity of gastric acids and pepsin and medication. For severe cases that are at risk for death there is surgery. Diseases and Disorders in the Small and Large Intestine • Crohn’s Disease causes small nodules or masses tissue to become inflamed and to penetrate deeply into the walls of the intestine. Treatment includes bed rest and a new diet. • Hernia is when a tissue or organ moves out of position and pushes against those nearby. Can be treated by surgery. • Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is also the most common cause of water borne disease in the United States. Oral Hygiene • Oral hygiene is a primary concern because the mouth begins the whole digestion process. To prevent tooth decay, teeth should be brushed twice daily, primarily after meals and snacks. Teeth should also be flossed everyday to prevent gum disease. Diseases in the Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas • • • • The most common disease of liver is viral hepatitis. It is caused by one of three closely related viruses transmitted to liver in different ways. In the liver, cirrhosis is often caused by alcoholism, previous infections, toxins, and/or malnutrition. Scarring, or fibrosis hampers normal duties. However, the liver can still function. Serious problems may result as the scar tissue blocks the flow of blood to and from the liver. Cirrhosis destroys the liver’s ability to kill invading bacteria and can halt production of protein. Cholecystitis is a disease found in the gallbladder, production of gallstones obstruct the free flow of bile. Gallstones are made up of a hard cholesterol mass formed in the gallbladder or in the nearby bile duct. The mass blocks the duct and inflames the gallbladder. Surgical removal of the gallbladder and cleaning out the bile duct is the treatment. Pancreatitis occurs in the pancreas and is an inflammation of the pancreas cells that secrete digestive juices. Problems • Heartburn occurs when the upper part of the stomach is above the diaphragm, the muscle wall that separates the stomach from the chest. Drinks with caffeine, fatty and fried foods, garlic, onions, citrus fruits, chocolate, mint flavorings, spicy flavorings, and tomato-based foods can all make heartburn occur. Other factors are alcohol use, overweight, pregnancy, and smoking. Treatments include medication and a change in diet. Vomiting coming back up. • Vomiting is another serious problem that occurs in the digestive system. Some causes are: infection (viral “stomach flu”), food poisoning, motion sickness, over-eating, blocked intestine, other illnesses (such as high fever), and/or cough. The windpipe closes and the abdominal wall and diaphragm muscles tighten suddenly and forcefully. The stomach itself is limp, but then squeezed forcefully by the abdominal wall, it ejects any food or fluid up the esophagus and out. Vomiting can cause severe dehydration and more serious illness. Treatments include drink more liquid and rest. Functions the Digestive system carry out in our bodies. Mouth The mouth is where the digestion process begins,with chewing and with saliva. Also the mouth is also both mechanical and chemical. Saliva enzymes help break down food before it reaches the esophagus. Esophagus The esophagus is a long tube which connects the throat and stomach. The esophagus then moves the food slowly down to the stomach. The esophagus is a mechanical and it doesn’t have any digestive secretion or enzyme. Peristalsis is used by the esophagus to transport food through the rest of the digestive tract. It is a muscle contraction that happens automatically and can sometimes be felt as gas in the abdomen. The Stomach The stomach is made up of three layers; Internal mucous, Muscular layer,and Outer layer. The stomach is where digestion begins. As soon as the food enters the stomach the muscular layer reduces it to a a small mass. The gastric juices transform the proteins in your food to amino acids with the help of pepsin.After this whole process is completed the result is a liquid called chyme. The chyme is later used in the small intestine. The stomach is both mechanical and chemical and it uses pepsin hydrochloric acid and mucus for digestive secretions and enzymes. Small & Large Intestine * The small intestine receives partially digested foods from the stomach and absorb all the nutrients in the bile from the stomach. It is absorbed all along the small intestine by villi. Which are little sacs inside on the wall of the small intestine. The small intestine is a chemical type of digestion and it uses pancreatic juice enzymes and bile. *The only purpose of the large intestine is to store feces waiting to be passed later through the rectum. The large intestine and doesn’t have any type of enzymes or digestive secretion. The large intestine has a tiny tube with a closed end coming off of it called the appendix. Although the appendix is part of the digestive system, it doesn’t do anything. Gall Bladder & Pancreas The purposes of the gall bladder and pancreas are to store bile and release it into the stomach and small intestine. The pancreas has no type of digestion but it uses chyme. The gall bladder has neither types of digestion, digestive secretion, or Liver • The main function of the liver is to process nutrients in food and distribute it to other organs so that they can function. The liver is neither mechanical or chemical. Also the digestive secretion is bile. New Technologies Phytochemicals, if used daily, increase transit time in our digestive system therefore reducing lipid absorption. Organ replacement surgery can be done in order to replace damaged organs. Recent cloning advancements will soon allow scientist to clone organs, such as livers. Food Irradiation Irradiation eliminated disease-causing in food. Food doesn’t become radioactive. Dangerous substances do not appear. And nutritional value remains unchanged. Nothing has gone wrong with irradiation in the US so far. However, there are a small number of fatal cases in other countries. Bibiliography http://www.innnerbody.com/htm/body.html http://www.niddk.hin.gov/index.htm http://encarta.msn.com Http://www.bigchalk.com Http://www.brainpop.com Http://www.britannica.com Http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmb/diseaseinfo/foo dirradiation.htm#whatis Http:///www.mic.ki.se/diseases/c6.html http://www.leebs.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy8.ht ml Http;//www.viahealth.org/disease/digestive/howw orks.htm Http://www.gastro.org/public/yourdigest.html Http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/noflash/body/pg0 00126.html The Digestive System By: Regina Avranom The Digestive System Introduction by: Everett Koop, M.D., SC. D. Foreword by: Sandra Thurman The Digestive System By: Invisible World The Digestive System Dr. Alvin Silverstein, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein The Human Body: The Digestive System By: Kathleen Elgin Human Body By:Time Life Body Systems MacMillan Health Encyclopedia The Body and How it Works Written by: Steven Parker