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A classmate tells you that he missed 3 classes due to illness. He tells you that he had no health problems until about 2 months ago when he started developing recurring bouts of diarrhea, four times in the past 2 months. Each time, the diarrhea lasted 3 days and then went away. Since you are in an A&P class, he had no reservations describing that he had semisolid BM’s with some blood after 2 days of diarrhea. During the bouts of diarrhea, he experienced headaches, mild cramps, and abdominal pain on the right side, but no fever, nausea, or vomiting. You notice that your classmate smokes regularly. He also has significant stress from school and work. Your classmate mentions that his mother had an intestinal disorder, but cannot remember the name of the disease. What could be causing your classmate’s ailments? Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut butter a year. Americans eat over 2 billions pounds of chocolate each year. In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons! 30-32 hours The Digestive System is responsible for the physical and chemical breakdown of food so it can be taken into the bloodstream and used by body cells and tissues. A long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and includes pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory organs include salivary glands, tongue, teeth, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Receives the body Food is: food as it enters Tasted Broken down physically by the teeth Lubricated and partially digested by saliva Swallowed Special structures in the mouth Physically breaks down food by chewing and grinding the food, a process called mastication. ** Muscular organ *Contains special receptors called taste buds that allow a person to taste sweet, salt, sour, and bitter sensations *Also aids with chewing and swallowing of food Bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth Separates mouth from nasal cavities Located behind the hard palate Separates mouth from the nasopharynx Uvula Cone-shaped muscular structure Hangs from the middle of the soft palate Prevents food from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing Three pairs of glands Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular Produce a liquid called saliva 1. Lubricates the mouth during speech and chewing 2. Moistens food so it can be swallowed easily 3. Also contains an enzyme called salivary amylase. 1. 2. Speeds up a chemical reaction Begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates or starches into sugars that can be taken into the body After food is chewed and mixed with saliva, it is called a **bolus ** and it enters the pharynx or throat The Pharynx carries food from the mouth to the esophagus. When bolus is swallowed, muscle action causes epiglottis to close over larynx Prevents bolus from entering respiratory tract Bolus now enters the esophagus Muscular tube dorsal to the trachea Receives bolus from pharynx and carries it to the stomach Relies on a rhythmic, wavelike involuntary movement of its muscles, called **peristalsis** to move the food in a forward direction The enlarged part of alimentary canal Receives food from esophagus Mucous membrane lining contains folds called rugae. They disappear as stomach fills with food and expands. **Gastric Juices** ◦ Produced by glands in the stomach ◦ Converts food into a semi-fluid material called chyme. ◦ Juices contain hydrochloric acid Kills bacteria Facilitates absorption of iron ◦ Juices also contain enzymes Lipase-begins chemical breakdown of fats Pepsin-starts protein digestion Rennin-only present in infants, aids in digestion of milk The Cardiac Sphincter Circular muscle between esophagus and stomach Closes after food enters stomach Prevents food from going back up into the esophagus The Pyloric Sphincter Circular muscle between stomach and small intestine Keeps food in stomach until it is ready to enter small intestine *Food usually remains in the stomach for about two to four hours Cardiac Sphincter Pyloric Sphincter 1. Completes the process of digestion 2. Absorbs products of digestion into bloodstream for use by body cells The Small Intestine is a coiled section of the alimentary canal about 20 feet long and 1 inch in diameter. Receives food, in form of chyme, from the stomach. There are three sections of the small intestine. The first 9-10 inches of the small intestine. Bile from the gallbladder and liver and pancreatic juice from pancreas enter this section through ducts or tubes. Liquid that enters small intestine from liver and gallbladder Emulsifies, down fats or physically breaks Liquid that enters small intestine from pancreas Contains enzymes that complete the process of digestion About Forms 8 feet long the middle section of small intestine Final 12 feet Connects with large intestine at the cecum Circular muscle called ileocecal valve separates ileum and cecum and prevents food from returning to ileum. Produced by small intestine Contains the enzymes maltase, sucrease, and lactase, which break down sugars into simpler forms Contain enzymes known as peptidases, which complete digestion of proteins Contain the enzyme steapsin (lipase) which aids in digestion of fat. *In your workbook pages* Fingerlike projections that line the wall of small intestine that contain blood capillaries Allow food to be absorbed or taken into bloodstream Blood capillaries absorb digested nutrients and carry them to the liver where they are stored or released into general circulation for use by body cells If you flattened out all the villi of the small intestine…..it would cover an entire tennis court! Final canal section of the alimentary About 5 feet long and 2 inches in diameter Absorption of water and any remaining nutrients Storage of indigestible materials before they are eliminated from the body Transportation of the waste products out of the alimentary canal Cecum Colon Rectum First section Connects with ileum of small intestine Contains a small projection called the vermiform appendix Four divisions: Ascending colon continues up on the right side of the body from cecum to lower part of liver. Transverse colon extends across the abdomen, below liver and stomach, but above the small intestine Descending colon extends down left side of body Sigmoid colon Connects with descending colon S-shaped section that joins with rectum Final 6-8 inches Storage area for the indigestible material, or wastes Has a narrow canal called the anal canal, which opens at a hole called the anus Fecal material, or stool, the final waste product of the digestive process, is expelled through this opening The liver is the largest gland in the body It is an accessory organ for the digestive tract Located under the diaphragm in right upper quadrant of abdomen. (RUQ) 1. Secretes bile a) b) 2. Stores sugar in the form of glycogen a) b) 3. 4. Used to emulsify, or physically break up fats Also makes fats water soluble, which is necessary for absorption Glycogen is converted to glucose Released into bloodstream when additional blood sugar is needed Stores iron and certain vitamins Produces blood proteins such as fibrinogen and prothrombin, which aid in clotting of blood 5. Produces cholesterol 6. Detoxifies (renders less harmful) substances such as alcohol and pesticides and destroys bacteria that have been taken into the blood from the intestine Small, muscular sac Located under the liver and attached to it by connective tissue Stores and concentrates bile, which it receives from the liver When bile is needed in the digestive tract to emulsify fats, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile through the cystic duct into the common bile duct, which drains into the duodenum. Fish-shaped organ located behind the stomach Produces pancreatic juices Juices enter duodenum through pancreatic duct Contain enzymes to digest food Produces insulin Secreted into the bloodstream Regulates metabolism, or burning of carbohydrates to convert glucose (blood sugar) to energy Acute inflammation of the appendix usually caused by an obstruction and/or infection 1. Generalized abdominal pain that later localizes at the lower right quadrant (RLQ) 2. Nausea and vomiting 3. Mild fever Elevated white blood cell count **Rebound tenderness** 4. Appendectomy Antibiotics **If appendix ruptures, infectious material spills out into peritoneal cavity and causes peritonitis, a serious condition** Inflammation of the gallbladder Frequently the inflammation is caused by Cholelithiasis or gallstones. They form from crystallized cholesterol, bile salts, and bile pigments. Symptoms frequently occur after eating fatty foods Indigestion, nausea, and vomiting Pain under rib that radiates to right shoulder If gallstone blocks bile ducts, gallbladder can rupture and cause peritonitis Low-fat diets Lithotripsy: shock waves to shatter gallstones Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of gallbladder Chronic destruction of liver cells accompanied by formation of fibrous connective and scar tissue Malnutriiton Alcoholism Hepatitis Bile duct disease Chemical toxins Symptoms vary and become more severe as disease progresses: Enlargement of the liver Anemia and nosebleeds Indigestion, nausea, and vomiting Edema in legs and feet Hematemesis, or vomiting blood Jaundice or yellow discoloration Ascites, or an accumulation of fluid in abdominal peritoneal cavity When liver function fails, disorientation, hallucinations, hepatic coma, and death occur Ascities: Treatment is directed toward preventing further damage to the liver Avoiding alcohol and preventing infections Proper nutrition and vitamin supplements Diuretics to reduce ascites and edema Rest and appropriate exercise are encouraged Liver transplant may be performed in too much of the liver is destroyed Condition that occurs when fecal material remains in the colon too long, causing excessive re-absorption of water Poor bowel habits Chronic use of laxatives causing a “lazy” bowel Diets low in fiber Certain digestive diseases Usually corrected by a diet high in fiber, adequate fluids, and exercise At times, laxatives are used to stimulate defecation Condition characterized by frequent watery stools Infections Diet Irritated colon Toxic substances Eliminate the cause Provide adequate fluid intake Modify the diet **Extremely dangerous in infants and small children due to the excessive loss of fluids** Inflammation of diverticulum, pouches or sacs that form in the intestine as the mucosal lining pushes through the surrounding muscles When fecal material and bacteria become trapped in diverticulum, inflammation occurs Can cause an abscess or rupture, leading to peritonitis Symptoms vary depending on the amount of inflammation Abdominal pain Irregular bowel movements and flatus (gas) Constipation or diarrhea Abdominal distention (swelling) Low-grade fever Nausea and vomiting Antibiotic Stool softening Pain medications High-fiber diet Surgery to remove the affected section of the colon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q1 27uOBRtok&feature=related Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) A functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal symptoms Nervous Colon Mucous Colitis Spastic Bowel Abdominal pain Bloating Constipation Diarrhea Occasional bleeding Nutritional counseling Psychological counseling (stress) Analgesics Anti-inflammatory medications Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of the stomach and intestinal tract Food poisoning Infections Toxins Abdominal cramping Nausea Vomiting Fever Diarrhea Usually rest and increased fluid intake In severe cases, antibiotics, intravenous fluids, and medications to slow peristalsis may be used. Painful, dilated (or varicose) veins of the rectum and/or anus 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Straining to defecate or constipation Pressure during pregnancy Insufficient fluid intake Abuse of laxatives Prolonged sitting or standing Pain Itching Bleeding High-fiber diet and increased fluid intake Stool softeners Sitz baths or warm, moist compresses Hemorrhoidectomy in severe cases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJY mqyHGl-I&NR=1&feature=fvwp Viral inflammation of the liver Type A (HAV) or infectious Hepatitis ◦ Highly contagious ◦ Transmitted in food or water that has been contaminated by the feces of an infected person ◦ Most benign form of hepatitis and is usually self-limiting ◦ Vaccine is available to prevent Hepatitis A Type B (HBV), or serum Hepatitis ◦ Transmitted by body fluids including blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk ◦ More serious than type A and can lead to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver ◦ Hepatitis B vaccine recommended for all healthcare workers Type C, or HCV ◦ Also spread through contact with blood or body fluids ◦ Main methods of transmission include sharing needles while injecting drugs, getting stuck with a contaminated needle or sharp object on the job, or passing the virus from an infected mother to the infant during birth ◦ More likely to progress to chronic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis. ◦ No vaccine for Hepatitis C Rest Diet high in protein and calories and low in fat Liver transplant may be necessary if liver is severely damaged Occurs when an internal organ pushes through a weakened area or natural opening in a body wall Stomach protrudes through diaphragm into chest cavity through opening for esophagus Symptoms: heartburn, distention of the Treatment: bland diet; small, frequent meals; stomach, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing not lying down after eating; and surgical repair. Section of small intestine protrudes through inguinal rings of the lower abdominal wall If the hernia cannot be reduced, or pushed back in place, surgical repair is done. Umbilical Hernia Inflammation of the pancreas in which pancreatic enzymes begin to digest the pancreas The pancreas becomes necrotic, inflamed, and edematous (swelling) When damage extends to blood vessels in the pancreas, hemorrhage and shock occur Excessive alcohol consumption Blockage of pancreatic ducts by gallstones Many cases are idiopathic, or of unknown cause Severe abdominal pain that radiates to the back Nausea Vomiting Diaphoresis (excessive perspiration) Jaundice if swelling blocks the common bile duct Treatment depends on the cause ◦ Cholecystectomy if gallstones are the cause ◦ Analgesics for pain ◦ Nutritional support if the cause is alcoholism. (Pancreatitis caused by alcoholism has a poor prognosis) Inflammation of the abdominal peritoneal cavity Usually occurs when a rupture in the intestine allows fecal contents to enter this cavity Ruptured appendix or gallbladder are some causes. Abdominal pain Abdominal distention Fever Nausea Vomiting Antibiotics Surgical repair Open sore on the lining of the digestive tract Major cause is Heliobacter pylori (H. pylori) Bacterium that burrows into stomach membranes Allows stomach acids and digestive juices to create an ulcer Burning pain Indigestion Hematemesis (bloody vomitus) Melena (dark, tarry stool) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Antacids and bland diet Decreasing stress Avoid irritants such as alcohol, fried food, tobacco, and caffeine If H. pylori bacteria are present, treatment with antibiotics are usually recommended. In severe cases, surgery to remove the affected area Antibiotics to kill bacteria that can cause ulcers Severe inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers and abscesses Ulcers Polyps Stress !?!?!? Allergic reactions to food Autoimmune reaction Main symptom DIARRHEA, including blood, pus, and mucus Others: Weakness Weight loss Abdominal pain Anemia Anorexia Ulcerative Colitis has periods of remission and exacerbation ***Control inflammation*** Reduce stress Maintain proper nutrition Avoid substances that aggravate condition In some cases, surgical removal of an affected colon. (Possible colostomy)