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Chapter 8 The Rise of Islam, 600-1200 I)Introduction A. The distinction of the Sunni and Shi'ite sects of Islam. 1. Shi'ites followed Ali, Muhammad's brother-in- law. 2. Sunni's followed the “tradition” of the community. II) The Origins of Islam A.The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad 1. Most people in the peninsula were farmers and 2. 3. 4. 5. sailors. The interior population were nomadic herders. By 600 wheeled vehicles had almost disappeared from the region. Mecca, a caravan city between Yemen and Syria, is considered one of the most religious places in the area. Mecca is a pilgramage site for Muslims because of the shrine of Ka'ba. This shrine covers the area where God asked Abraham to sacrifice his son. B. Muhammad in Mecca 1. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570. 2. Muhammad is considered the last prohpet of Islam. 3. His earliest revelations told people to beilieve that one true god created the universe, and that they would be judged at the end of time. 4. Submitting to God and accepting Muhammad as his last messenger made one a Muslim. 5. God's earlier messangers included Noah, Moses, and Jesus. C. The Formation of the Umma 1. After persecution in Mecca, Muhammad and his 2. 3. 4. 5. follwers fled to Medina. This journey marks the first hijra, and the beginning of the Muslim calendar. Umma—communiy defined by the acceptance of Islam. 632—Muhammad's death. Abu Bakr would be his Khalifa, or successor. Five Pillars of Islam: 1. Avowal that there is only one god and Muhammad is his messenger. 2. Prayer five times a day. 3. Fasting during the lunar month of Ramadan 4. Paying alms 5. Making the pilgramage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime. III) The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate A. The Islamic Conquests, 634-711 1. 2nd caliph, Umar, conquered areas outside of Arabia. 2. They conquered Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, and Sind (North India). B. The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850 1. Most of the army consisted of Muslim Arabs. 2. Umayyad dynasty fell in 750. 3. The Abbasid Caliphate continued until Mongol invasion in 1258. 4. The early Abassid period was called a golden age because of the learning and spread of ideas. C. Political Fragmentation, 850-1050 1. The size of the empire caused political 2. 3. 4. 5. fragmentation Turkic slaves, called mamluks, were purchsed and used in the army. In time, these Turks took over Anatolia. Ghana also came to power in this time. Ulama—Muslim religious scholars. These were the social core of Muslim societies in many Islamic areas. IV) Islmanic Civilization A. Law and Dogma 1. Shari'a—law of Islam. This sets the foudnation of Islamic societies. 2. Because the Quran left no political gudance, Islam slowly developed laws in each area. 3. Hadith—a tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet. 4. These hadith were so numerous that it began to be difficult to tell the genuine from the invented reports. 5. Scholars spent their lives collecting and analyazing the hadiths. B. Converts and Cities 1. To become a Muslim, all that was required was the statement of “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God,” in front of a Muslim. 2. In most outlying areas, conversion also involved moving to a Muslim dominated area. 3. These migrations led to urbanization and the building of trade routes and cities. 4. Duiring this time, growth of different crops flourished, as did new medical research and practices. C. Islam, Women, and Slaves 1. Urban women could not leave their homes 2. 3. 4. 5. unveiled. This was not stated in the Quran, instead, it was adopted from Byzantine and Sasanid tradition. Only slave women could perform in front of unrelated men. Men could have up to four wives, as long as he treated them equally. Based on the Quran, Islamic women had more freedoms then Christian or Jewish women. They could inherit property and retian it in marriage, could remarry, and receive cash payment on divorce. They could testify in court, and they could go on pilgramage. Restrictions were placed upn Muslim women for fear of sexual infidelity and meddling in politics. D. The Recentering of Islam 1. Due to the rapid spread of Islam and different interpretations of the Quran, the caliphates lost pwer. 2. Madrasa—religious type of college run by scholors from abroad. 3. Sufi Brotherhoods developed from converts to Islam that had mystic background religions. V) Conclusion A. Summary 1. The power of the caliphates was due to the religious unity of the areas they ruled. 2.The lack in governing guidelines left in the Quran caused the development of madrasas and groups like the Sufi Bortherhoods. B. KeyTerms 1. Shi'ites 2. Sunnis 3. Mecca 4. Muhammad 5. Muslim 6. Islam 7. Medina 8. Umma 9. Caliphate 10. Quran 11. Umayyad Caliphate 12. Abbasid Caliphate 13. Mumluks 14. Ghana 15. Ulama 16. Hadith