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Study Guide: Egypt and Kush What was the geographic location and noteworthy physical features of ancient Egypt ? Egypt was the Gift of the Nile ( longest river in world) located in NE Africa: had protective cataracts, and a fertile delta The Nile flows south to north Nile floods on a regular cycle: upper Egypt in mid summer, lower Egypt in fall 2/3 of farmland is in the delta area; desert surrounds other land Rich silted land from flood = black land, desert beyond river valley = red land River provided irrigation water, fish, sailing Desert too harsh for enemies, Med Sea kept many away, cataracts stopped enemies from south How did ancient Egyptians manage to become a civilization ? Rich fertile land gave rise to farming, surplus, diversification of labor, greater pop, control of river water with canals; with larger population organized govt developed and a shared and well developed culture was seen. Describe the two kingdoms that existed in Egypt before they were a united Kingdom . Upper ( southern) on west bank of Nile; white crown in cone shape Lower (northern) Northwest Delta; red crown What were the important cultural features of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom and New Kingdoms of ancient Egypt ? Old: govt developed pharaohs as both King and a god- he came to earth to manage Egypt for all the gods • • • • • Khfu best known because of monuments for him(pyramid) Society: Pharoah, priests and govt officials (mostly nobles, rich and powerful families) Middle Class = scribes and craftspeople, lesser govt officials;Lower Class – 80% people and mostly farmers – worked on pharaoh projects in off season. Slaves and servants Trade with Nubia and Suria – materials for building Religion: all worship same gods, tons of them too, temples built and they collected $ from worshippers and govt. – Pyramids as burial sites very important – Idea of afterlife important Middle: time after a decline of pharaoh power with nobles ruling but ineffectively –pharaoh comes back into power; invaded by Hykos – they rule, but Ahmose drives them out New Kingdom: height of power – Controlled invasion routes, built an empire ; extended from Euphraetes to Nubia – those neighboring send gifts to maintain good relations. – Expanded trade – Queen Hatshepsut – trade and monuments and temples – Invasions led to decline – Ramses the Great fought off many enemies – Labor: scribes, artisans, artists, architects, merchants, traders, soldiers, farmers and peasants Who were significant leaders of ancient Egypt and what were their lasting legacies ? •Khufu – pyramid •Hatsheput – increased trade •Ramses – fought invasions, massive monuments Menes: unites Upper and Lower Egypt – from Upper; 1st Pharaoh, and first dynasty; extended territory south What were the religious beliefs and rituals of ancient Egyptians ? • Many gods, afterlife • Ka must be preserved What societal groups lived in ancient Egypt and how were they employed ? Scribes • govt and temple records B. Artisans, Artists, and Architects – 1. sculptors builders, carpenters, jewelers • metalworkers and leatherworkers – 2. statues, furniture, jewelry, pottery, shoes – 3. architects designed temples and royal tombs • a. could become high govt officials C. Merchants and Traders – 1. few, accompanied by soldiers, scribes and • laborers D. Soldiers – 1. After Middle Kingdom wars E had professional • army – 2. land as payment – 3. keep treasure captured in warj E. Farmers and Other Peasants – 1. bottom of social scale – 2. majority of pop – 3. crops as taxes to pharaoh to pay for land use • a. pharaohs controlled all land in kingdom 4. required for special duty too • • • • a. b. c. d. soldier projects mining paid in grain • F. Slaves – – – – – 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. most equal to farmers convicted criminals pows projects, farms, workshops , households had some rights and could earn freedom • in some cases What were the most memorable achievements of ancient Egyptians ? • • • • • • • Arch Hieroglyphics Papyrus Books and histories written Temples, sphinx Painting – profile and straight on Carvings and jewelry What led to the decline of ancient Egyptian civilization ? • Over taxing, invasions, not connected enough to all in empire What were the similarities of Kush and Egypt ? • Located along a river whose flood brought silt and fertile land to farm ( Nile) • Cataracts were natural barrier • Rose from farming villages • Diversification of labor What were the political, commercial and cultural relations interactions and influences between Kush and Egypt ? • Kush supplied slaves and raw materials to Egypt • Egypt controls when Thumose invades • Kush then controls Egypt – but reestablishes much of Egyptian culture • Kush defeated by Assyrians in Egypt • Kush rebuilt own civilization built iron industry, expanded trade, very much in Egyptian stlye ; resources declined, trade weakened, military weakened lead to decline Cataracts = rapids Vocabulary Delta = triangular shaped land from deposited river soil Menes = 1st pharaoh, dynasty, united Egypt Pharaoh = god king Dynasty = series of rulers from same dynasty Old Kingdom – 3rd period dynasty rise Khufu – famous new kingdom pharoah Nobles –rich and powerful Afterlife – life after death Mummies – specially treated bodies after embalmment; linen wrapped Elite –people of wealth and power Pyramids – 4sided burial tombs Engineering –science for practical matters Middle Kingdom – after New Ahmose King New Kingdom – period of greatest achievement Trade routes – paths of traders Queen Hatshepsut – New Kingdom – many public works Ramses the Great – great military leader and King; New Kingdom Hieroglyphics- writing system of ancient Egypt Papyrus – paper in ancient Egypt from plant fiber Rosetta Stonediscovery that unlocked key to hieroglyphics Sphinxes – body of lion and heads of animals or human temple Obelisk -4 sided pillar on side on monuments King Tutakhamen – discovered tomb of the boy king