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Mental Health Mentally Healthy People and Mental Illness What is mental health? A capacity to use the abilities we have in ways that allow us to function in a state of mental and emotional well-being. What is mental illness? Statistics Behaviour that is characterized by Irrationality Persistent personal suffering Interpersonal maladjustment An inability to function in society Antisocial behaviour that harms others or myself Statistics for youth 3.2 million 12-19 yr olds are at risk for developing depression only 1 out of 5 children who need mental health services receives them 1 in 5 Canadians suffer from mental illness at some point in their lives 40% of visits are for emotional, not physical, problems Only about 1/3 of people will seek help for serious depression 7% of teenage girls and 2.4% of teenage boys suffer from depression 10% - 25% suffer from anxiety disorders 1% of the population suffer from schizophrenia 1% are bipolar Changing views of mental illness 80% of people treated for depression are able to get back to their regular activities Suicide is among the leading causes of death in 1524 year old Canadians, second only to accidents Observe and understand what is going on around them Judge their own capabilities realistically Are aware of their emotions and can control their behaviour Can restrain their impulses when necessary Behave deliberately and reasonably Appreciate their own worth and feel accepted by others Are capable of forming close relationships and are sensitive to others' needs as well as their own. Middle Ages – caused by evil spirits − Exorcism was used, as well as prayer, fasting and vomiting − Accused of being witches and warlocks who had made a pact with Satan 18th century – confined to asylums − Nothing was done to help people with disorders − Kept in chains 1 Late 20th century − New medical drugs provide assistance − More widespread availability of psychoanalysis or talk therapy Today − There is still little community support − The stigma that surrounds mental illness continues − People with mental illnesses live marginalized lives Two major categories of psychological disorders What causes such disorders? A complex interplay of genetic, biological, personality and environmental factors causes mental illnesses A chemical imbalance in the brain (depression) Genetic component (schizophrenia) The environment, such as serious abuse (multiple personality disorders) Anxiety Disorders A. Neurosis (anxiety disorders) − Extremely anxious and tense − React with fear and dread to situations others consider nonthreatening − May encounter difficulty in life, but are generally able to manage their daily affairs 1. Panic Attacks − Characterized by fear and intense physical and emotional suffering − Occur without any obvious reason − Sufferers feel overwhelmed and cannot function researchers argue women are more prone Nature vs Nurture? − − − Some research suggest panic attacks may be linked to subtle imbalances in the brain Other researchers suggest not to jump to conclusions Panic attacks may be a combination of biological, psychological and social factors Treatment − Combination of therapy and drugs for treatment Agoraphobia (fear of public places) − Some The genetic makeup of women is more susceptible to anxiety and depression Hormonal changes 2. Phobias An intense irrational fear out of proportion to the danger involved These fears are debilitating, directly interfering with our enjoyment of life Many psychologists believe the cause lies in a combination of genetic predisposition mixed with environmental and social causes Often result from negative experiences Treatment through conditioning techniques – exposure therapy and relaxation techniques 2 Too Ugly To Love Match that phobia Acousticophobia − Fear of noise Arachibutyrophobia Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of your mouth Bibliophobia − Fear of books Claustrophobia − Fear of confined spaces Dipsophobia BDD – I believe I am ugly... BBC documentary (20 minutes) − Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUKlLpMgeM&feature=related Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b97j2szXVqI&feature=related − Fear of drinking Entomophobia Tachophobia Fear of insects Heliophobia Testophobia − Fear of the sun Homophobia Wiccaphobia − Fear of sameness Musophobia Xenophobia − − Fear of mice Noctiphobia − Fear of the night Pharmacophobia − − − − − Fear of speed Fear of taking tests Fear of witches Fear of strangers Fear of taking medicine 3. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - persistent and unwanted thoughts that you know are unreasonable but you cannot get rid of - with a tendency to perform an act repeatedly in order to relieve the anxiety - the obsession is the recurring thought - the compulsion is the uncontrollable behaviour 3 Obsessive Personality OCD - I've got jews at my table http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ah1FbPVsXkI&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safet y_mode=1&safe=active OCD – personal story http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4sadYeLHKU&feature=related New waitress http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezRrQZnuCNM&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mod e=1&safe=active Door scene http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3pl7Psb5ic&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=a ctive Causes - genetic component increases the likelihood of development - chemical imbalance in the brain (serotonin) - some causes have been linked to head injuries and infections - some life stressors (abuse) - about 20% with OCD have tics which suggests OCD may be related to Tourette Syndrome Treatment - crippling and difficult to treat; requires medication, cognitive behaviour therapy [exposure therapy] or pyschotherapy Abnormal Psychology – major disorder #2 Mood Disorders B. Psychoses – general characteristics 1. Major Depression - more debilitating forms of mental illness -sufferers lose touch with the real world - may experience delusions: belief in something despite rational evidence to the contrary - may experience hallucinations: seeing or hearing something that is not really there Causes • deeply unhappy, little pleasure in life • anxiety sleep problems, change in appetite • at times – suicide attempts • can be treated and never have it recur • or can recur several times over a lifetime Treatment i. genetic predisposition i. psychotherapy and counseling (behavioural therapy) ii. stress induced – deaths, divorce, loss of employment ii. anti-depressants iii. developmental problems – abuse as a child or personality problems iii. In extreme cases doctors may use iv. females and those with a family history of depression are also at risk electroconvulsive therapy • this involves passing electrical currents though the brain to trigger seizures • cause changes in brain chemistry that can immediately reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses. 4 2. Bipolar Disease – extreme mood swings MPD / bipolar Characteristics - a psychiatric disease characterized by extreme mood swings of both depression and mania. What is multiple personality disorder? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0LNyXsErb8&feature=related Manic Depressive i. grandiose thoughts/fearless i. extreme fatigue ii. one is all important and powerful ii. sadness iii. unlimited energy iii. sense of futility iv. difficulty sleeping iv. extremely withdrawn v. spending sprees/substance Borderline Personality Disorder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=liBJhHDw3o8&feature=related v. low self-esteem abuse 3. Schizophrenia - a chronic, severe, and disabling Causes - chemical imbalances in the brain - genetic component – having a parent with bipolar disorder may increase the chance of having children with this condition Treatment brain disease. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GvF4-C1EuJU Nobel Laureate for economic science John Nash Jr. - started experiencing episodes related to paranoid schizophrenia in the late 1950s. - the goal of the treatment is to stabilize mood and restore one's normal state Characteristics - the two medications most commonly used for this are depakote and lithium - symptoms – hearing internal voices not heard by others, or believing that other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. - medication is administered under supervision of a psychiatrist - distortion of reality - the above results in social withdrawal - psychotherapy is also recommended - disturbed behaviour • • • apathy confusing, or even shocking, changes in behavior hallucinations and delusions Causes - schizophrenia runs in families - research is revealing that the convergence of biological and environmental factors (stressors – especially in infancy/childhood) can influence the onset of schizophrenia Treatment -there is no cure - one may experience “episodes” of schizophrenia and may live normally in between - anti-psychotic drugs and therapy - “acute” or “severe” episodes usually result in hospitalization - such episodes can lead to permanent damage to the brain - genetic component - chemical imbalance in the brain 5 Personality Disorder - patterns of behaviour, mood, social interaction, and impulsiveness causing distress - difficulty relating to others - loners, suspicious and mistrustful - lie, break laws, feel they are being persecuted Treatments - psychotherapy, combined with antidepressants - such individuals are difficult to treat as they continue to have difficulty relating to others including the one treating them - view themselves as perfectly normal Causes There are various and numerous types of personality disorders one of which is Anti-social personality disorder (ASP) - early life experience and learned behaviours, social environment, biological make up and genetics. Antisocial Personality Disorder – sociopathy Symptoms What? Chronic behaviour that manipulates, exploits or violates the rights of others - breaks the law repeatedly - this behaviour is often criminal - disregards the safety of self and others - chronic troublemakers - lack of guilt/remorse - lies, steals and often fights - inability to feel empathy Causes: genetic predisposition - child abuse Treatment - far more men affected than women [ y chromosome?] - one of the most difficult of all personality disorders to treat - further research = disease of the brain? - early signs – fire setting, cruelty to animals in children - individuals rarely seek treatment - therapy 6