Download chapter 15 _ 16 review with answers

Chapter 15 & 16 Exam Review
A) Disorders
 Abnormal behavior is characterized
by being atypical, maladaptive,
inappropriate and disturbing to the
individual exhibiting behavior
1. GAD
- General Anxiety Disorder
- Aka free floating anxiety
- High level of anxiety that is not
tied to anything
- Continuously tense and worried
2. Phobia
- Irrational fear
- Usually conditioned to have these
phobias
3. Panic
- Recurrent attacks of
overwhelming anxiety that occur
suddenly and unexpectedly
- Physical symptoms
- Agoraphobia (fear of public places)
may occur
4. PTSD
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Re-experiencing the traumatic
event in the form of nightmares
and flashbacks, emotional
numbing, alienation, problems in
social relations, and elevated
arousal, anxiety and guilt
5. OCD
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Persistent unwanted thoughts
(obsession) cause someone to feel
the need to engage in a particular
action (compulsion)
- uncontrolled
6. Hypochondriasis
- Somatic disorder
- No physical explanation
Excessive preoccupation w/ health
concerns & worry about
developing physical illness
7. Conversion
- Somatic disorder
- Significant loss of physical function
with no apparent organic bases
8. Dissociative Amnesia
- Aka psychogenic amnesia
- Sudden loss of memory for
important personal info that is too
extensive to be due to normal
forgetting
- Can last for one single traumatic
event or for an extended time
period around event…Examples:
car accident, rape
9. Dissociative Fugue
- One loses memory for their entire
lives along with their sense of
personal identity
10. DID
- Coexistence in one person of two
or more largely complete and
usually very different personality
- Related to severe emotional
trauma that occurred in childhood
- Some say this is an excuse for their
personal feelings
11. Major Depression
- Aka unipolar depression
- Unhappy for at least two weeks
with no apparent cause
- Twice as high for women
- 7-18% of population suffers from
this
-
12. Seasonal Affective
- Experience depression during the
winter months
- Based on temperature, but on
amount of sunlight
13. Bipolar
- Manic episode followed by periods
of depression
- Manic episodes involve feelings of
high energy (can differ from
confidence to irritability)
- 1-2% of population suffers from
this
- Equal among men and women
- Lithium carbonate has been useful
in some cases
B) Schizophrenia
1. Disorganized Schizophrenia
- Emotional indifference (flat affect)
- Social withdrawal
- Aimless babbling and giggling
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia
- Bizarre and distorted with false
beliefs
- Delusions of persecution: people
are out to get me
- Delusions of grandeur: when
people think they are famous or
important
- Hallucinations: sensory
experiences without sensory
stimulation
3. Catatonia Schizophrenia
- Motor disturbances wither
motionless or hyperactive
- Waxy flexibility: you move their
arm and they keep it there
- Least common form of
schizophrenia
4. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
- Suffering from symptoms from
various types of schizophrenia
5. Rosenhan study
- Had a group of psychologists fake
schizophrenic like symptoms at
various mental institutions on
their initial arrival and later drop
these symptoms
- All institutions discharged them
with “schizophrenia in remission”
- Demonstrates that schizophrenia
comes with a negative stigma that
one cannot let go of
C) Personality Disorders
1. Antisocial
- Failure to accept social norms
regarding moral beliefs and
principles
- Many begin criminal career at an
early age
- Lack of empathy
- Little regard for others feelings
- 3-6% of men only 1% of women
2. Dependent
- Rely too much on the attention and
help of others
3. Histrionic Personality
- need to be the center of attention
4. Narcissistic
- Thinking you are the center of the
universe
- egocentric
5. Obsessive Compulsive Personality
Disorder
- Overly concerned with certain
thoughts and performing certain
behaviors
- Not as extreme as OCD anxiety
D) Therapies
1. Cognitive
- Change the way we view the world
- Negative thoughts into positive
thoughts
- Aaron beck
o view of depression
- Depression is caused by
errors in thinking
- Goal of cognitive
therapy is to focus
negative thoughts into
positive
- Beck included
behavioral therapy
techniques
- People blame
depression on three
things…
1. Setbacks on personal
inadequacy
2. Negative events instead
of positive
3. Pessimistic projections
about future
4. Draw negative
conclusions about your
personal worth
2. Behavioral
- Change maladaptive behavior
through operant and classical
conditioning
- Criticized for not treating the
underlying cause of the behavior
- Watson & Skinner
- Reinforcements
- Behavior is because of past
learning or experience
- Taste Aversions (Aversive
Conditioning)
o Therapy where you pair a
stimuli that the patient
enjoys w/ one that causes
discomfort. Patient is
3.
4.
5.
6.
conditioned to have the
aversion towards the
stimuli that they find
enjoyable
o Bad: you don’t have the UCS
outside of therapy. Also
patient is aware that
aversion was caused by UCS
o Good: successful with
drugs, alcohol, sexual
deviance, gambling,
shoplifting, stuttering,
cigarette smoking,
overeating
Humanistic
- Client-centered therapy
- Use active listening skills
- Gestalt therapy: encourage clients
to get in touch with whole self
- Therapists serve as “human
mirror”
Psychoanalytic
- Unconscious thoughts cause
behavior
- Free association: allow patient to
speak freely leads to bottled up
emotions coming through
- Dream interpretation: interpret
dreams to reveal unconscious
thoughts
- Transference: transferring ones
strong emotions from someone
who is responsible for your
behavior onto your therapist
- Sigmund freud
Biological
- Medical therapy: use of drugs to
change behavior
Cognitive-Behavioral
- Changing someone’s thoughts by
using operant and classical
conditioning
- Used for disorders
-
Albert Ellis – Rational Emotive
Therapy (RET)
o Cognitive-behavioral
therapy to help people
eliminate self-defeating
thought patterns
o REBT: therapist would
teach you to recognize
neurotic thoughts, question
how rationale they are, and
replace them w/ faulty
ideas with more valid ones
E) Miscellaneous
1. Prevalence
- % of population with disorder at a
specific time
2. Lifetime prevalence
- % of population who have been
diagnosed with a disorder at any
point in their lives
3. Diagnosis
- Distinguishing one disease from
another
4. Etiology
- Apparent causation &
developmental history of illness
5. Electroconvulsive shock therapy
- Last resort to treat severely
depressed patients
- Repeated about 6 times in 2 weeks
- Usually experience some memory
loss (often temporary)
- Drive towards self- actualization is
innate
6. Deinstitutionalized
- Number of inpatients are declining
- With the use of drugs, patients
who were not threatening to
society could receive treatment
w/o being in a mental institution
7. Systematic desensitization (a kind of
counterconditioning)
-
a behavior therapy used to reduce
phobic clients’ anxiety responses
through counterconditioning. Involves
three steps: in the first step, the
therapist helps the client build an
anxiety hierarchy.
- This is a list of anxiety- arousing
stimuli related to the specific source of
anxiety. The client ranks the stimuli
form the least anxiety arousing to the
most anxiety arousing. The second
step involves training the client in
deep muscle relaxation. In the third
step, the client tries to work through
the hierarchy, learning to remain
relaxed while imagining each
stimulus.
- Gradually, over a number of therapy
sessions, the client progresses
through the hierarchy, unlearning
troublesome anxiety responses.
8. DSM
- Published by the APA
- Axis 1: clinical disorders
- Axis 2: personality disorders or
mental retardation
- Axis 3: general medical conditions
- Axis 4: Psychosocial and
Environmental problems
- Axis 5: Global assessment of
functioning scale
9. Group therapy
- Advantage over individual therapy
is it enables clients to realize that
their problems are not unique and
it is more economical
10. Metacognition
- Thinking about thinking