Download grade 12 final

grade 12 final
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to
being preserved as fossils.
providing humans with food.
surviving in the environments in which they lived.
swimming from South America to the Galápagos Islands.
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural
adaptations. One of the most significant adaptations that Darwin noted was the
similarities of the birds’ embryos.
a.
birds’ different-shaped beaks.
b.
length of the birds’ necks.
c.
number of eggs in each bird’s nest.
d.
3. Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered
if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.
a.
if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species.
b.
if all birds on the different islands were finches.
c.
why all tortoises on the different islands were identical.
d.
4. Biologists in Darwin’s time had already begun to understand that living things change over time. How did
Darwin contribute to these ideas?
He found many fossils that showed that these changes could not possibly happen on
a.
islands.
He figured out and explained how these changes happened and supported his ideas with
b.
evidence.
He made guesses about how these changes happened, and wrote experiments that could be c.
used to test these guesses.
He was the first person to truly believe that these changes happened, and he worked very d.
hard to convince others.
5. Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin’s observation of local variation among tortoises in the
Galápagos Islands?
artificial selection
a.
adaptation
b.
acquired characteristics
c.
tendency towards perfection
d.
6. Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after
experimenting with animals.
observing patterns among the geographical location of certain species.
reading the writings of Wallace.
agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution.
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. People of Charles Darwin’s time understood that fossils were
preserved remains of ancient organisms.
available for every organism that ever lived.
unrelated to living species.
a.
b.
c.
evidence for the evolution of life on Earth.
d.
8. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work suggests that
Earth is several million years old.
Earth is several thousand years old.
all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
a.
b.
c.
d.
9. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that
the human population will outgrow the available food supply.
all populations evolve through natural selection.
Earth is a few thousand years old.
past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today.
a.
b.
c.
d.
10. One scientist who attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time
was
Thomas Malthus.
a.
James Hutton.
b.
Charles Darwin.
c.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
d.
11. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work was important to Darwin because these scientists
explained volcanoes and earthquakes.
explained all geologic events on Earth.
suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred.
refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on misunderstandings.
a.
b.
c.
d.
12. Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis?
Change is the result of survival of the fittest.
Body structures can change according to the actions of the organism.
A small population size decreases the rate of evolution.
Artificial selection is the basis for evolution.
a.
b.
c.
d.
13. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that
in the human population, people die faster than babies are born.
without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the
growing human population.
in the 1700s, England needed more housing.
the majority of a species’ offspring die.
14. Darwin realized that the economist Malthus’s theory of population control
applied only to humans.
could be generalized to any population of organisms.
could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions.
explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births.
a.
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
15. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following
the principle of
acquired characteristics.
a.
descent with modification.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
natural selection.
d.
16. When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for
species that are perfect and unchanging.
homologous structures.
characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the organism.
natural variations that are present in a species.
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted for their
environment. Their survival is due to the
possession of adaptations developed through use.
a.
possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.
b.
lack of competition within the species.
c.
choices made by plant and animal breeders.
d.
18. Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT
more offspring are born than can survive.
population size is very large.
fitness varies among individuals.
there is heritable variation among members of the population.
a.
b.
c.
d.
19. Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the
theory of evolution by natural selection?
They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring.
a.
They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population.
b.
They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment.
c.
They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species.
d.
20. Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
diversity.
a.
fitness.
b.
adaptation.
c.
evolution.
d.
21. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have
characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse.
a.
characteristics that plant and animal breeders value.
b.
the greatest number of offspring.
c.
variations best suited to environmental conditions.
d.
22. Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection?
the natural variation found in all populations
unrelated species living in different locations
changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time
the struggle for existence undergone by all living things
a.
b.
c.
d.
23. Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.
The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and strongest.
The number of offspring is not related to fitness.
Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of evolution.
a.
b.
c.
d.
24. The hypothesis that all species are descended from common ancestors was proposed by
James Hutton.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
a.
b.
Thomas Malthus.
Charles Darwin.
c.
d.
25. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how
species can become extinct.
a.
inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring.
b.
species descend from common ancestors.
c.
evolution takes place in the natural world.
d.
26. Darwin’s concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by
the work of Charles Lyell.
knowledge about the structure of DNA.
his collection of specimens.
his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.
a.
b.
c.
d.
27. Biogeography is the study of
where species and their ancestors live.
how extinct species can be related to living species.
how different species can interbreed.
how animals that live in the same area are closely related.
a.
b.
c.
d.
28. The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. This is
evidence in support of which of the following concepts?
Lamarck’s tendency towards perfection
a.
common descent
b.
analogous structures
c.
the inheritance of acquired traits
d.
29. Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes
the nearly universal genetic code.
the presence of vestigial structures.
a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species.
the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA.
a.
b.
c.
d.
30. Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the
formation of
homologous structures.
a.
analogous structures.
b.
Hox genes.
c.
intermediate fossil forms.
d.
31. According to the Grants’ investigation of Galápagos finches, what happened to the beaks of finches?
Beaks became larger through artificial selection.
a.
Beaks became smaller when they migrated.
b.
Beaks became smaller during the finches’ lifespan.
c.
Beaks became larger over many generations.
d.
32. A parasite is a type of
carnivore.
filter feeder.
symbiont.
detritivore.
a.
b.
c.
d.
33. Some mollusks are detritivores. Their main source of food comes from
living animals.
living plants.
bacteria in the muddy bottom.
decaying plant and animal remains.
a.
b.
c.
d.
34. Cattle depend on microorganisms in their digestive tract to digest the cellulose in their diets. The cattle and the
microorganisms are
carnivores.
a.
mutualistic symbionts.
b.
herbivores.
c.
parasitic symbionts.
d.
35. In general, more complex animals are
more likely to rely on chemical digestion than to rely on mechanical digestion.
more likely to perform intracellular digestion than extracellular digestion.
more likely to have one body opening than to have two body openings.
more likely to have a digestive tract than to have a gastrovascular cavity.
a.
b.
c.
d.
36. Intracellular digestion occurs when food is digested
inside specialized cells.
outside cells in a digestive system.
in the spaces between cells.
outside the body.
a.
b.
c.
d.
37. Carnivores have teeth that are designed to
grind.
slice.
rasp.
pulverize.
a.
b.
c.
d.
38. Which of the following statements is true about gas diffusion across respiratory membranes?
Gases diffuse from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
a.
Gases diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
b.
Gases diffuse between areas of equal concentrations.
c.
Concentration has no effect on gas diffusion.
d.
39. Which of the following animals has a body covering that allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide?
clams
a.
flatworms
b.
whales
c.
trout
d.
40. By pumping water over their gills, fish and aquatic mollusks
keep their gill membranes moist.
maintain their body temperature.
keep themselves moving through the water.
promote diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
a.
b.
c.
d.
41. Which of the following groups of animals has the most efficient gas exchange?
amphibians
reptiles
a.
b.
birds
mammals
c.
d.
42. Humans have lungs with alveoli. This implies that humans
have a lower metabolic rate than amphibians and reptiles.
have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians and reptiles.
have the same metabolic rate as amphibians.
have the same metabolic rate as reptiles.
a.
b.
c.
d.
43. Which of the following invertebrates is most likely to have a closed circulatory system?
a small sponge with a gastrovascular cavity.
an insect that has several tiny hearts.
a large, free-swimming mollusk.
a cnidarian that has stinging tentacles.
a.
b.
c.
d.
44. Both oysters and squid are mollusks. Why is an open circulatory system adequate for an oyster but not for a
squid?
Oysters are filter feeders, but squid are carnivores.
a.
Oysters do not move around, but squid are very active.
b.
Oysters have higher oxygen demands than squid.
c.
Squid live in waters with lower oxygen levels than oysters.
d.
45. Why is double-loop circulation better for larger, more active animals than single-loop?
Pumping the blood twice actually requires less energy than pumping the blood only once.
Single-loop circulatory systems make animals more susceptible to circulatory system
diseases.
With double-loop circulation, blood can flow into spaces that are outside of blood vessels.
It is difficult for single pump to force blood through the entire system of a large animal.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Figure 27–3
46.
As shown in Figure 27–3, the ventricle in a single-loop circulatory system is responsible for
receiving blood from the body.
a.
pumping blood out to the gills.
b.
pumping blood out to the body.
receiving blood from the gills.
c.
d.
47. Which of the following animals has a three-chambered heart?
garter snake.
dog.
African bullfrog.
trout.
a.
b.
c.
d.
48. Kidneys process nitrogenous wastes by
separating water from nitrogenous wastes by passive diffusion.
using cells to actively pump water across a membrane.
storing the wastes as uric acid until they can be eliminated.
pumping ions across membranes to separate water from waste products.
a.
b.
c.
d.
49. What do freshwater flatworms use to remove excess water from body fluids?
flame cells
nephridia
excretory pores
kidneys
a.
b.
c.
d.
50. Which of the following excretory processes do saltwater and freshwater fishes share?
They both conserve water by producing small amounts of concentrated urine.
They both actively pump salt across their gills.
They both avoid drinking water.
They both produce lots of watery urine.
a.
b.
c.
d.
51. Butterflies and house flies convert ammonia to uric acid in their
nephrons.
nephridia.
kidneys.
Malpighian tubules.
a.
b.
c.
d.
52. A kangaroo rat conserves water by
excreting uric acid as a paste with their feces.
excreting highly concentrated urine and very dry feces.
excreting excess salt through special glands in their noses.
drinking saltwater.
a.
b.
c.
d.
53. What excretory characteristic does a garden spider share with a sparrow?
They both convert nitrogenous wastes to uric acid.
They both produce lots of dilute urine.
They both excrete very concentrated salt solutions.
They both produce very dry feces.
a.
b.
c.
d.
54. The brain, lungs, testes, and small intestine are each examples of
a nerve.
an organ.
a tissue.
an organ system.
a.
b.
c.
d.
55. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a disease that affects the structure and support systems of the body. Which type of
tissue does the disease target?
epithelial
connective
nerve
muscle
a.
b.
c.
d.
56. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the process of sweating?
Sweating is more likely to occur on hot days than cool days.
Sweating is likely to occur after strenuous exercise.
Evaporation of sweat warms the body.
Excessive sweating can lead to dehydration.
a.
b.
c.
d.
57. The energy available in food can be measured in a lab by
determining its mass.
burning the food to release heat.
analyzing its chemical structure.
calculating its volume.
a.
b.
c.
d.
58. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to
raise the temperature of the body by 1° Celsius.
raise the temperature of 1 g of fat by 1° Celsius.
raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1° Celsius.
raise the temperature of 1 gallon of water by 1° Celsius.
a.
b.
c.
d.
59. An example of foods high in fiber is
whole grain bread.
butter.
eggs.
fish.
a.
b.
c.
d.
60. Which of the following foods are a good source of water-soluble vitamins?
eggs
dairy products
vegetable oils
citrus fruits
a.
b.
c.
d.
61. When a doctor suggests following a diet low in saturated fats, which of these products is preferred when
cooking?
oils with single bonds between their carbon atoms
a.
oils with double bonds between their carbon atoms
b.
animal fats, which are solid at room temperature
c.
butter, which is solid at room temperature
d.
Figure 30–1
62. Look at Figure 30–1.
1. In which structure is water extracted from digested food?
B
D
G
H
a.
b.
c.
d.
63. Where does the process of chemical digestion begin?
stomach
esophagus
small intestine
mouth
a.
b.
c.
d.
64. Which of the following correctly matches a phase of the digestive process with its description?
absorption; the physical and chemical breakdown of food into small molecules.
a.
ingestion; the process of getting food into the opening of the digestive tract.
b.
elimination; the movement of small molecules from the digestive tract into the blood.
c.
Digestion; undigested materials pass out of the body.
d.
65. What does mechanical digestion in the stomach involve?
absorption of nutrients by villi
pepsin and bile
smooth muscle contractions
bile and pancreatic fluid
a.
b.
c.
d.
66. After complex organic molecules have been absorbed in the small intestine, what materials are left behind?
protein and carbohydrates
a.
water and cellulose
b.
fats and starches
c.
chyme and bolus
d.
Figure 30–2
2. Filtered blood leaves the kidney and returns to circulation through the
67. Look at Figure 30–2.
renal artery.
a.
b.
renal vein.
urinary bladder.
c.
d.
urethra.
68. Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
urethra
Loop of Henle
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
a.
b.
c.
d.
69. In the kidneys, both useful substances and wastes are removed from the blood by
reabsorption.
excretion.
dialysis.
filtration.
a.
b.
c.
d.
70. What role does skin play in the excretory system?
secretes excess water as sweat
protects against pathogens
absorbs water through osmosis
facilitates gas exchange
a.
b.
c.
d.
71. A patient is diagnosed with kidney failure and visits a clinic to receive dialysis treatments three times a week.
What does the process of dialysis do?
carries urine to the urinary bladder
a.
pumps blood throughout the body
b.
filters waste from the blood
c.
forces water into cells and tissues by osmosis
d.
72. When the kidneys detect an increase in salt, they respond by
excreting less salt in urine.
a.
returning more salt to the blood by filtration.
returning more salt to the blood by reabsorption.
returning less salt to the blood by reabsorption.
73. Which of these is a function of the circulatory system?
removing wastes from tissues
delivering carbon dioxide to cells for cellular respiration
transferring impulses from one cell to another
all of the above
b.
c.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
74. Simple animals are able to supply their cells with nutrients through diffusion and active transport across cell
membranes because
they have complex circulatory systems.
a.
their cells are in direct contact with the environment.
b.
their cells are not in direct contact with the environment.
c.
their blood transports oxygen and other materials through a series of blood vessels.
d.
75. During a heart attack, some of the cells in the thick layer of muscle in the heart walls die. This layer of muscle
is called the
epithelial tissue layer.
a.
pericardium.
b.
connective tissue layer.
c.
myocardium.
d.
76. Which of the following pathways is the largest of the circulatory system?
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
capillary beds
coronary circulation
a.
b.
c.
d.
77. In the heart, the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is prevented by the
mitral valve.
tricuspid valve.
septum.
pericardium.
a.
b.
c.
d.
78. Compared with the walls of arteries, the walls of capillaries
are thicker.
are thinner.
lack valves.
have more resistance.
a.
b.
c.
d.
79. Through which path does blood typically flow through the circulatory system?
arteries → capillaries → veins
veins → capillaries → arteries
arteries → veins → capillaries
capillaries → arteries → veins
a.
b.
c.
d.
80. Which type of blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
veins
arteries
capillaries
lymph nodes
a.
b.
c.
d.
81. Which of these is NOT an effect of exercise on veins?
Exercise helps force blood through the veins.
Exercise helps keep blood from accumulating and stretching veins.
Exercise helps keep the walls around veins strong.
Exercise allows blood to pool in veins.
a.
b.
c.
d.
82. Which of the following is true about blood pressure?
It is not affected by atherosclerosis.
It is typically lower in veins than in arteries.
It drops a great deal when traveling through arteries.
Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure.
a.
b.
c.
d.
83. When an infection occurs, the number of
red blood cells increases.
red blood cells decreases.
white blood cells increases.
white blood cells decreases.
a.
b.
c.
d.
84. Which blood cells are most numerous in the body?
red
white
platelets
plasma
a.
b.
c.
d.
Figure 33–1
85. What is occurring in Step A of Figure 33
33–1?
Platelets have released the clotting factor, triggering a series of reactions.
Platelets are coming in contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel.
A clot has sealed the damaged area preventing further bl
blood loss.
An enzyme has converted soluble plasma proteins into insoluble sticky filaments.
a.
b.
c.
d.
86. In Figure 33–1,
1, what does Step B show?
B cells fighting infection
the capillary wall breaking
the clumping of platelets
the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin
a.
b.
c.
d.
87. Swollen lymph nodes might indicate
an infection.
high blood pressure.
varicose veins.
an irregular heartbeat.
a.
b.
c.
d.
88. Which of these organs removes old or damaged blood cells from the blood that flows through it?
pancreas
a.
lymph node
b.
thymus
c.
spleen
d.
Figure 33–2
2, what is happening in diagram A?
89. In Figure 33-2,
A cap has ruptured in the wall of a blood vessel.
Plaque has built up in the wall of a blood vessel.
A blood clot has formed inside an artery.
Bacteria have invaded a blood vessel in the heart.
a.
b.
c.
d.
90. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to
heart attack.
stroke.
kidney damage.
a.
b.
c.
all of the above.
91. The sudden death of brain cells when their blood supply is interrupted is called
a heart attack.
a stroke.
hypertension.
atherosclerosis.
d.
a.
b.
c.
d.
92. Which of these structures provides the muscle cells in the heart with a constant supply of oxygen?
the superior vena cava
a.
the pulmonary artery
b.
coronary arteries
c.
systemic veins
d.
93. Cholesterol, which is part of animal cell membranes, is what type of molecule?
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
a.
b.
c.
d.
94. Which of these organs manufactures cholesterol?
stomach
kidneys
liver
heart
a.
b.
c.
d.
95. Which of the following activities is the best analogy for respiration?
swapping gifts with a classmate
giving a gift to a sibling
receiving a gift from a friend
buying gifts for relatives
a.
b.
c.
d.
96. Because there is more oxygen in an alveolus than in the blood around it, oxygen diffuses
from capillaries into the veins.
from arteries into the capillaries.
from alveoli into capillaries.
from veins into the alveolus.
a.
b.
c.
d.
97. Which of these is the correct order through which oxygen enters the body?
lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, blood
bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli, blood
lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, blood, alveoli
blood, alveoli, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles
a.
b.
c.
d.
98. What body system has final control over breathing?
the nervous system
the circulatory system
the respiratory system
the lymphatic system
a.
b.
c.
d.
99. How does tobacco smoke affect the body?
It blocks hemoglobin from binding to oxygen, thus affecting gas exchange in the lungs.
It paralyzes cilia in the trachea allowing inhaled particles to enter the lungs.
a.
b.
It causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.
all of the above
c.
d.
100. What gas, found in cigarette smoke, blocks the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the blood?
nitrous oxide
a.
carbon dioxide
b.
carbon monoxide
c.
methane
d.
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement
true.
1. According to Lamarck, geological forces acting today are the same ones that have been acting in the past.
_________________________
2. According to Lamarck’s hypothesis, an organism could change parts of its genotype and pass those changes to
its offspring. _________________________
3. Lyell hypothesized that human populations are kept in check by war, famine or starvation, and disease.
_________________________
4. Artificial selection as practiced by farmers is also called selective breeding. _________________________
5. According to the concept of natural variation, living and extinct species evolved from the same ancestors.
______________________________
6. The wings of birds and the flippers of dolphins are vestigial structures. ______________________________
7. Detritivores in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats get nutrients by consuming plants or parts of plants.
____________________
8. Digestion in sponges is intracellular because it takes place inside specialized cells .
9. Herbivores have rumina that are adapted for tearing cell walls to expose cell contents for digestion.
_____________________
10. Stale air does not get trapped in amphibian lungs because it flows through a system of tubes and air sacs.
________________________
11. Gas exchange in mammals takes place in the trachea.
12. Hearts are a characteristic of open circulatory systems, but not a characteristic of closed circulatory systems.
_____________________
13. Oxygen diffuses directly into body tissues from blood in animals with an open circulatory system.
14. A freshwater fish regulates its salt levels by pumping salt outward across its gills. ______________________
15. Spiders and scorpions are ideally suited to living in a desert environment because they excrete uric acid.
16. Muscle tissue enables you to lift your arms. _________________________
17. Organs of the nervous system include the brain and spinal cord. _________________________
Figure 30–3
18. Figure 30–3 shows the amount of dietary “Calories,” or kilocalories, per serving. The number of actual
calories in this product is 110. _________________________
19. A diet high in saturated fats and trans fats decreases the risk for developing heart
disease._________________________
20. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. _________________________
21. Oxidizing a gram of fat releases more energy than does oxidizing a gram of carbohydrate.
_________________________
22. The gallbladder is a pouch-like organ responsible for storing bile. _________________________
23. After chyme is produced in the large intestine, it moves through the duodenum. _________________________
24. If too little water is absorbed from the large intestine, constipation results. _________________________
25. After the AV node produces impulses, blood flows into the ventricles, which contract.
_________________________
Figure 33–3
3, when a dancer stands on her toes, her contrac
contracting
ting skeletal muscles relax the veins
26. According to Figure 33–3,
that run through them. ______________________________
27. The enzyme hemoglobin converts soluble plasma proteins into insoluble, sticky filaments that form a clot.
_________________________
28. HDL is the cholesterol
ol carrier that is most likely to cause trouble in the circulatory system because it becomes
part of plaque. _________________________
29. When cholesterol levels are high,, liver cells take cholesterol from the blood and do not make it.
_________________________
30. Nicotine is an addictive stimulant that decreases heart rate and blood pressure. _________________________
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. ____________________ is the process of change over time.
2. James Hutton and Charles Lyell held similar views about Earth’s age. Both thought that Earth was
____________________ of years old.
3. Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a scientific
explanation for ____________________.
4. Charles Darwin applied Thomas Malthus’s thoughts about human population growth to all
____________________.
5. Homologous structures are evidence for Darwin’s idea that all life on Earth is connected through
_________________________.
6. In studying Galápagos finches, the Grants found that ____________________ can take place frequently and
over relatively short periods of time.
7. Leeches are classified as __________________ because they obtain food by feeding on the blood of animals to
which they are attached.
8. Carbon dioxide cannot diffuse into the blood from an animal’s cells unless the blood has a ___________
concentration of carbon dioxide.
9. The _______________ is the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body.
10. To conserve water, an animal’s kidneys can pump ions across cell membranes, allowing water to move by
_____________________.
11. Small freshwater invertebrates excrete ammonia from their bodies through the process of
_______________________.
12. Specialized ____________________ are the basic unit of structure in living things that are uniquely suited to
perform a particular function.
13. ____________________ is the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
14. In simple animals, diffusion and active transport across cell membranes supply the cells with
____________________ and nutrients, and remove waste products.
Figure 33–4
15. In Figure 33–4,
4, the area labeled B represents the capillaries of a ____________________.
16. Medical workers use a sphygmomanometer to measure ____________________.
17. The iron-containing
containing protein called ____________________ binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to
tissues throughout the body where the oxygen is released.
18. Plasma consists mostly of ____________________.
19. When your doctor feels your neck for “swollen glands” he or she is checking for swelling in the
_________________________.
20. Your ability to sing along to music on the radio come
comess from two highly elastic folds of tissues called the vocal
cords, located within the ____________________.
Short Answer
1. Summarize Thomas Malthus’s ideas about population growth.
2. How did the farmers observed by Charles Darwin take advantage of natural variation to improve their
livestock?
3. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
4. Adaptations can be physical traits or they can be behaviors. Give an example of an organism with each type of
adaptation, and explain how the
he adaptation affects the organism’s fitness.
Figure 16–1
5. Many modern whales have a vestigial pelvis and femur, such as is shown in Figure 16
16–1.
1. What does this
evidence suggest about ancestors of modern whales?
6. What does the continued presence of vestigial structures like the whale pelvis and femur shown in Figure 16–1
16
suggest about the impact vestigial structures have on fitness?
7. What can be concluded from the similarity in the Hox genes that control limb development in many types of
organisms?
8. What did the Grants discover about Galápagos finches?
9. Does a parasite have a beneficial or harmful effect on its host? Explain.
Figure 27–7
10. Study the teeth in Figure 27–7.
7. What kind of diet are these teeth adapted for?
11. What are three main requirements needed for a gas
gas-exchange
exchange membrane in a respiratory system to function
efficiently?
12. What would happen if the relative concentrations of oxygen inside the lung and in the blood became equal to
each other?
13.
Gills can contain thousands of tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Explain why this allows for more gas
exchange than having a single, large blood vessel.
14. An earthworm tunnel floods during a rainstorm, and the earthworm washes out onto the grass. Why will the
earthworm die if it cannot get back into a tunnel quickly?
15. What is one way that a saltwater fish controls the concentration of salt in its body?
16. Why do more active people need to consume a diet higher in Calories than do people who get little exercise?
17. What is fiber and why is it important?
18. Using the following terms, design and label a flow chart showing the path through which blood and waste flow
in the kidney: ureter, renal vein, renal artery, glomerulus, nephron, and collecting duct.
19. What are a person’s two options for survival if both of his or her kidneys are unable to function?
20. Explain the relationship between an animal’s body size and the likelihood that it has a circulatory system?
21. Why are white blood cells the “army” of the circulatory system?
22. Suppose a person receives an injury that causes bleeding. Briefly describe the possible role each type of
cellular blood component (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) might play in helping that person
recover.
23. If the lymphatic vessels were blocked, what would be the immediate effects on the human body?
24. As a doctor, develop a series of questions that you would ask a patient in order to determine whether he or she
is at risk for heart disease and stroke.
25. Why is it better to inhale through your nose than through your mouth?
grade 12 final
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
C
B
A
B
B
B
A
A
D
B
C
B
B
B
C
D
B
B
C
B
D
C
A
D
B
B
A
B
A
A
D
C
D
B
D
A
B
B
B
D
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
C
B
C
B
D
B
C
D
A
B
D
B
A
B
B
C
B
C
A
D
B
D
D
B
C
B
B
A
D
A
C
D
A
B
D
A
C
B
A
B
D
B
C
A
B
C
A
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
D
B
D
B
C
B
C
A
C
B
A
D
C
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
1. F, Lyell
2. F
phenotype
body
3. F, Malthus
4. T
5. F, common descent
6. F, homologous
7. F, Herbivores
8. T
9. F, mouthparts, teeth
10. F, bird
11. F, alveoli
12. F
Sinuses
Spongy cavities
13. T
14. F, inward
15. T
16. T
17. T
18. F, 110,000
19. F, increases
20. T
21. T
22. T
23. F, stomach
24. F, diarrhea
25. T
26. T
27. F, thrombin
28. F, LDL
29. T
30. F, increases
COMPLETION
1. Evolution
2. many millions
millions
3. evolution
4. organisms
living things
5. common descent
common ancestors
6. natural selection
adaptation
7. parasites
8. lower
9. atrium
10. osmosis
11. diffusion
12. cells
13. Homeostasis
14. oxygen
15. lung
16. blood pressure
17. hemoglobin
18. water
19. lymph nodes
20. larynx
SHORT ANSWER
1. Malthus concluded that if human population growth was not “checked” by factors like disease, there would not
be enough resources to sustain it.
2. Farmers bred only animals with desirable traits, which resulted in improved offspring.
3. In artificial selection, humans do the “selecting”—that is, they choose which traits they want to appear in future
generations. In natural selection, the environment does the “selecting.”
4. Sample answer: A nonpoisonous snake that closely resembles a poisonous species has a physical adaptation
that may help to keep predators away. A bird that spreads its wings wide to try to scare away a predator is
using an adaptive behavior.
5. Ancestors of modern whales probably had functional legs and lived on land.
6. It suggests that there is no disadvantage to fitness associated with the vestigial structures. If there were a
disadvantage, then the structures would be selected against and you’d expect them to no longer be present.
7. The similarity of Hox genes in many types of organisms is evidence that the organisms all evolved from a
common ancestor.
8. The Grants documented changes in the finch population consistent with Darwin’s ideas of natural selection.
Through their work, they discovered that natural selection can occur often and frequently.
9. A parasite has a harmful effect on its host because it feeds on the host’s blood and tissues. In some cases the
parasite can cause disease in the host.
10. These teeth are adapted for a carnivorous diet, for cutting and slicing meat into small pieces.
11. It needs to be moist, have a large surface area, and be selectively permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
12. Oxygen would stop diffusing into the blood.
13. The presence of the thousands of tiny capillaries increases the surface area through which gas exchange occurs.
Larger surface areas allow more diffusion.
14. The earthworm’s skin will dry out if it remains exposed to air. If its skin dries out, oxygen and carbon dioxide
will not be able to diffuse across it. The earthworm will die from lack of oxygen.
15. It actively excretes salt across its gills.
It drinks.
It produces very small amounts of concentrated urine.
16. Calories measure the energy in food. Active people need more energy than do people who get little exercise.
17. Fiber is a complex carbohydrate called cellulose. It is important because it helps muscles move food and
wastes through your digestive system.
18. The flow chart should show an understanding that waste-filled blood enters the kidney through the renal artery
into the nephron. Inside the nephron it is filtered in the glomerulus. Cleaned blood leaves the kidney through
the renal vein. Waste products leave the kidney through the collecting duct, then the ureter.
19. The person can have a kidney transplant or use a kidney dialysis machine.
20. Larger organisms need a circulatory system because their cells are not in direct contact with the environment.
They require delivery of nutrients and oxygen. In addition, the circulatory system transports substances that are
made in one part of the organism to another part of the organism where they may be needed.
21. White blood cells are the “army” of the circulatory system because they guard against infection, fight parasites,
and attack bacteria.
22. Platelets will cause clotting, which will help to stop the flow of blood from any wounds. White blood cells will
help to fight infection that may set in due to pathogens that have entered through the wounds. Red blood cells
will help to continue a constant supply of oxygen to any organs that may have been affected.
23. The body would swell with fluid, a condition called edema.
24. Answers should include questions that relate to diet and exercise. They should also include questions such as:
Do you smoke? What is your weight? Do you have diabetes? Do you have high cholesterol? Do you have high
blood pressure? What is your age? What is your gender?
Is there anyone in your family who has suffered a stroke or who has heart disease?
25. The combination of hair and mucus in the nose filters out solid particles. The moisture in the nose helps to
moisten the air. This moist air helps to prevent the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system from drying
out. When air enters the respiratory system through the mouth, much less filtering occurs.