* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Resident Physics Lectures
Electrification wikipedia , lookup
Electric power system wikipedia , lookup
Pulse-width modulation wikipedia , lookup
Spark-gap transmitter wikipedia , lookup
Immunity-aware programming wikipedia , lookup
Ground (electricity) wikipedia , lookup
Stepper motor wikipedia , lookup
Variable-frequency drive wikipedia , lookup
Current source wikipedia , lookup
Electrical ballast wikipedia , lookup
Power engineering wikipedia , lookup
Power inverter wikipedia , lookup
Distribution management system wikipedia , lookup
Resistive opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Mercury-arc valve wikipedia , lookup
Single-wire earth return wikipedia , lookup
Electrical substation wikipedia , lookup
Power MOSFET wikipedia , lookup
Schmitt trigger wikipedia , lookup
Surge protector wikipedia , lookup
Power electronics wikipedia , lookup
Transformer wikipedia , lookup
Stray voltage wikipedia , lookup
Resonant inductive coupling wikipedia , lookup
Buck converter wikipedia , lookup
History of electric power transmission wikipedia , lookup
Voltage regulator wikipedia , lookup
Opto-isolator wikipedia , lookup
Voltage optimisation wikipedia , lookup
Three-phase electric power wikipedia , lookup
Switched-mode power supply wikipedia , lookup
Rad T 290 Generators Generator Components • control console kVp adjust mA adjust time adjust or mAs adjust • transformer high voltage (step up) filament » low voltage (step down) • electronics cabinet support circuitry Incoming Power • Line affects generator performance – diameter of wire – length or wire – other devices sharing branch circuit • Resistance of power line wires can reduce generator voltage during exposure affecting power available to x-ray tube calibration Line Voltage Compensation • Incoming voltage can vary during day • Generators need to correct for changes in line voltage power line fluctuations affect calibration Incoming Power Line Generator Circuit Breaker Line Voltage Compensation • Compensation may be Automatic » Almost everything today Manual » user must make adjustment Line Line Compensation Timer Circuit Autotransformer mA regulator Rectifier Circuit + Line High Voltage Transformer Filament Transformer Autotransformer •High voltage Transformer has fixed ratio •Autotransformer has variable ratio •Autotransformer needed to provide variable kilovoltage to tube Autotransformer major kV selector Timer Circuit Line minor kV selector to high voltage transformer primary to filament transformer primary mA regulator Line Compensation Autotransformer does line compensation & kVp selection Generator Voltages • Input line voltage single or three phase 115 - 480 Volts AC 1f • Autotransformer provides variable voltage to primary of high voltage transformer Auto Transformer Power Line 3f High Voltage Transformer Timer Circuit High Voltage Circuit • Supplies high voltage for x-ray tube • Step-up transformer primary from autotransformer secondary to rectifier circuit mA monitored at center grounded point of secondary Autotransformer High Voltage Transformer mA Rectifier Circuit High Voltage Transformer • Grounded metal box • filled with oil electrical insulator • Function increases or decreases alternating voltage • Also contains rectifier circuit changes alternating current into direct current Fullwave Rectifier • Four diodes • 120 pulses/second • exposure times half of halfwave circuit Secondary of High Voltage Transformer Voltage applied to tube (also mA waveform) Fullwave Rectifier Voltage applied to tube (also mA waveform) First Half Cycle + Second Half Cycle - X X X X + Full-Wave Rectification • Rectifiers Four diode “bridge” configuration used with single phase • both + & - half cycle of high tension transformer used efficient circuit reverses negative half cycle & applies to x-ray tube Output of High Tension Transformer Applied to X-ray Tube Tube Pulsed Radiation • single phase input power results in pulsed radiation • Disadvantages intensity only significant when voltage is near peak low voltage heats target and produces low-energy photons » absorbed in tube, filter, or patient • can contribute to dose Applied to X-ray Tube Radiation Waveform Three-Phase Generators • Commercial power generally delivered as 3 phase • phases 120o apart Single Phase Power Three Phase Power Three-Phase Generators • Rectifier circuit Inverts negative voltage sends highest of 3 phases to x-ray tube Input 3 Phase Voltage To X-Ray Tube Rectified Three-Phase Generators • much higher tube ratings than single phase • more efficient than single phase shorter exposures lower exposure Single Phase Power Three Phase Output 3f Generator Circuits • pulses number of peaks per 1/60 second (16.6 msec) power line cycle • windings 3 primary coils (one for each phase) 3 or 6 secondary » with 6 secondaries, 2 secondary coils induced per primary Three Phase Output Three Phase Transforming • 3 coils can be hooked up in 2 ways Delta Wye 3-phase generator • Primary windings generally delta • Secondary windings may be delta or wye Primary Secondary 3 Phase Generator • 6-Pulse Twelve Rectifier 1 delta primary 2 wye secondaries » 6 secondary windings • two diodes per winding Primary 13.5% ripple Ripple Secondary Three Phase Output Secondary 3 Phase Generator • 12-Pulse Twelve Rectifier 1 delta primary 2 secondaries, 1 wye, 1 secondary » 30o phase difference between secondaries » 6 secondary windings • 2 diodes per winding Primary 3.5% ripple Ripple Secondary Three Phase Output Secondary Timer Circuit Autotransformer mA regulator Rectifier Circuit + Line High Voltage Transformer Filament Transformer mA regulator •Circuitry for mA selection •Adjusts mA on the fly during exposure. Timer Circuit Rectifier Circuit Autotransformer mA selector + Line High Voltage Transformer Filament Transformer Filament Transformer Steps down AC voltage from Autotransformer & mA selector to smaller AC voltage required by filament (8-12 volts typical) mA selection •Allows selection from available discrete mA stations. •Applies correct voltage to primary of filament transformer. Line 10 mA 25 mA 50 mA 100 mA 200 mA 300 mA 400 mA Line Compensation mA stabilizer to filament transformer primary mA Stabilization During Exposure • On first trigger mA regulator supplies anticipated voltage to filament transformer primary • mA monitored during exposure • Corrections made to filament voltage during exposure as necessary if mA low, filament voltage boosted if mA high, filament voltage lowered 1f vs. 3f Generators 1f 3f • Typical home & small business power • inexpensive • transformer windings 1 primary coil 1 secondary coil Industrial power expensive transformer windings • 3 primary coils • one for each phase • 6 secondary coils » 2 secondary coils induced per primary) 1f vs. 3f Generators 1f 3f • 100% ripple • 8 ms minimum exp. Time 1/120th second • lower output intensity • puts less heat in tube for same technique 4-13% ripple • higher average kVp • slightly less patient exposure <=1 ms minimum exp. time higher output intensity puts more heat in tube Exposure Time Control • electronic, measuring » time (crystal) » power line pulses • automatic (phototiming) terminates exposure based on radiation received by receptor Phototiming Geometry • entrance type detector in front of film detector must be essentially invisible • exit type detector behind film obsolete except for mammography » detector visible because of high contrast image Grid Film Entrance type Sensor Exit type Sensor Phototiming Radiation Detectors • ionization chambers • solid-state detectors Ionization Chambers • Almost always entrance type • Notes thin parallel aluminum plates are electrodes » voltage applied between plates » collect ions produced by radiation in air between electrodes collected ions produce electric current Photon + + - Solid State Detectors • PN semiconductor junction generates current when struck by radiation • small • fast response • little beam attenuation Photon Electric Current Phototiming Fields • 1, 2, or 3 • fields may be selected individually or in combination • proper positioning critical Phototiming Notes • must be calibrated for particular film-screen system • some generators allow selection from several preset film/screen combinations Phototiming Notes • phototimer must correct for rate response kVp response of » film/screen system » phototiming sensor Higher kVp beam more penetrating » Less attenuated by phototimer detector • safety exposure limited to 600 mAs if phototimer does not terminate exposure (2000 mAs for < 50 kV)