Download Document

Human
Anatomy
and
Physiology
Chapter
1
1
I. Divisions of study
“ the study of the human body is an interdisciplinary science. It consists of fields that
focus on structure or function” (Wingerd p. 4)
1. Anatomy: describes the location, appearance and relationships of body parts.
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
a. Gross anatomy: study w/o aid of a microscope
b. microanatomy: study by microscopic examination
c. Histology: study of tissues
d. Systematic anatomy: body structures within an organ system
e. Regional anatomy: study by region
2
Divisions of study
2. Physiology –
study of function, mechanisms that
operate body functions. (Greek – “relationship to
nature”)
a. Structure is always related to function
to get
use
or
3
II. Medical terminology
1. Origins
a.
Greek & Latin roots considered universal language
b.
Makes descriptions more precise.
4
2. Pronunciation
a. 6 specific rules
1. underline is primary accent: cerebellum (ser-e-bel-um)
or it may be CAPITALIZED: (ser-e- BEL-um)
2. A Secondary accent is marked by an accent (‘):
( ser’-e-bel-um)
3. Unmarked vowel ends a syllable, it is long, marked with
a macron (ˉ ).
Immune = ( i-mūn’)
4. A syllable ends with a consonant, it’s unmarked vowel
is short and marked with a breve (˘).
Cranial= ( Kra-ne-ăl)
5
Practice:
•
•
•
•
•
Homeostasis = ( ho’-mē-ō-STĀ-sis)
urease = (u-re-ās)
Apophysis = (ă-pof-i-sis )
Edema = (ĕ-dēm-ah)
Acetabulum= ( a’- se-TAB-yoo-lum)
6
3. Word parts
a. Root word: the meaning or core part of the word that
usually describes a body part . There can be one or more
root words. gastr- stomach
cardi- heart
b. Prefix: attached to beginning of a word to modify the root
such as location of an organ, the number of parts, or time
involved. Not all words have a prefix.
an- no, without
anti- against
c. Suffix: attached to the end of a word to modify its
meaning. such as condition, disease process, or
procedure. May have more than one.
e.g. –ic, -al = pertaining to
-ase enzyme
7
d. Combining vowel:
-usually an o or i that is used between a root and suffix.
-combining form is when root has its combining vowel
attached. root word= adip- fat combining form= adip/o
-When a suffix begins with a vowel (usually an i) the
combining vowel is dropped.
1. meneng/o ( membranes) + - itis ( inflammation) =
menengitis
2. cardi/o ( heart) + itis ( inflammation) = carditis
3. epi-(above, upon, on) + gastr-(stomach) + -algia (pain) =
epigastrialgia
8
Word parts
example
Medical term
Prefix+root
Anti-(against) + thyroid
(thyroid gland)
Antithyroid+ against the
thyroid, suppressing thyroid
activity
Root+ suffix
Gastr-(stomach) + -ic
(pertaining to)
Gastric= pertaining to the
stomach
Combining form + suffix
Cardi-(heart) + /o(cv) + -logy
(study of)
Cardiology = study of the
heart
Prefix + suffix
An- ( no, without) +
-emia ( blood)
Anemia = without blood
Prefix + root+ suffix
Epi-(above, over) + gastr(stomach) + algia (pain)
Epigastraliga= pain above the
stomach
Compound root + suffix
Ot/o(ear) + rhin/o(nose) +
laryng/o ( throat) + -logy
(study of)
Otorhinolaryngology =
branch of medicine dealing
with the study of the ear nose
and throat( ENT)
9
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position – standing erect,
facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms
facing forward
10
Anatomical Terms of direction
Term
Definition
Example
Ipsilateral
Same side of body
Right arm is ipsilateral to
right hip
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Right shoulder is cotralateral
to left hip
Superficial
Nearer to the surface
The skin is superficial to the
bone
Deep
Farther inward
The bone is deeper than
superficial muscle
11
Term
Definition
Example
Peripheral
Nearer the outside perimeter
The capsule is in the
peripheral area of the kidney
Central
Toward the center
The bone marrow is in the
central cavity of the bone
Prone/ pronate
Face down, palms down/ to
move rotate downward
Lying in prone position/
rotate the palms down
Supine/ supinate
Lying face up, palms up/
move rotate upward
Lying face up/ rotate the
palms upward as if to hold
something
12
Term
Definition
Example
Dorsal/Posterior
Nearer or towards the back
The backbone is dorsal to the
belly
Ventral/ Anterior
Nearer or towards the
belly/front
The sternum is ventral to the
backbone
Cranial/superior
Toward the head or higher
than
the humerous is superior to
the radius.
Caudal/ inferior
Toward the tail or lower than
The xyphoid is at the inferior
end of the sternum.
13
Term
Definition
Example
proximal
Closer to the point of
attachment
The humerus is proximal to
the carpals
Distal
Farther from point of
attachment
The phalanges are distal to
the metacarpals
medial
Toward the midline
The bladder is medial to the
hip
lateral
Away from midline
The ribs are lateral to the
lungs
14
Term
Definition
Example
palmer
the palm
In supination. The palmer
surface is facing up
plantar
The sole of the foot
We walk on our plantar
surface
15
Directional terms
16
Planes of Body
•Sagittal / or Median / Parasagittal: vertical division of that separates into right
and left sides
•Midsagittal = equal left and right sides.
•Transverse or Horizontal: horizontal line that separates body into superior and
inferior or top and bottom
•Coronal or Frontal: Vertical line that separates body into ventral (anterior) and
dorsal (posterior) or front and back portions
17
Body Sections
18
Body Sections
• Cross section: through width of a section
• Oblique : diagonal through section
• Longitudinal: through length of section
19
Body Sections
Cross section
oblique
longitudinal
20
Body Sections
Let’s quiz!
Sagittal/ midsagittal
Horizontal/
Frontal/
transverse
coronal
21
Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell
Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system
Organism - human
22
Levels of Organization
23
Organ Systems
24
Organ Systems
25
Organ Systems
26
Organ Systems
27
Body Regions
28
Dorsal( posterior) and Ventral( anterior) cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
-brain
-Spinal cord
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
-lungs
-viscera
-kidney
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Heart(mediastinum)
Spleen
intestines
Pelvic cavity
-urinary bladder
Rectum
Reproductive organs
(internal)
Main vessels
29
Body Cavities
30
Abdominal Subdivisions
31
Quick quiz
•
•
•
•
What cavity hold the intestine?
What cavity holds the heart?
What system is responsible for movement?
What structure separates the thoracic and
abdominal cavities?
• What is in the name of the posterior/dorsal
cavity of the body?
32
Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
-forms the lining of cavity
-more superficial than visceral membrane
•Parietal pleura: lines wall of thoracic cavity
•Parietal pericardium: Lines mediastinum that hold the heart
•Parietal peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity
Visceral layer – attaches to and covers an organ
-is immediately deeper than parietal membrane
•Visceral pleura: connects to and covers lungs
•Visceral pericardium: connects to and covers the heart
•Visceral peritoneum: line all the organs of the abdominal cavity
33
Cavities/Membranes
Time to reflect… write a quick summary that describes and differentiates the
parietal and visceral membranes.
34
Characteristics of Life
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon
dioxide; releasing energy from foods
35
Characteristics of Life
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically
different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
36
Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on five environmental factors
• water
• food
• oxygen
• heat
• pressure
37
Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
38
Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (Gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing
39
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal
environment and corrects any changes
•Receptors - provide information about stimuli
•Control center - tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)
•Effectors - elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment
40
Homeostatic Mechanisms
41
Homeostatic Mechanisms
42
43
Health and Disease
Disease – Any reduction in the body’s ideal state.
• Lesion – structural change in a body part or region caused by a
disease.
• Acute – expected to last a short time.
• Chronic – lasts a longer duration.
• Symptoms – sensation that can be correlated w/ an origin from
disease.
• Diagnosis – process of identifying a disease from its symptoms.
The first step in treatment.
44
Health and Disease
Classification of Disease
• Congenital – arise before birth. Can be inherited from
parent(s), but usually due to genetic code. (Cerebral Palsy)
• Immunological – Caused by a reaction of the body to an
invasion by foreign substances. (AIDS)
• Metabolic – Affects metabolism directly. (MD)
• Neoplastic – caused by abnormal growth and/or
reproduction of cells in which they develop into lesions.
45
What is on the test
• Multiple choice
• Matching (body systems & parts of body &
terminology
- Short answer:
Be able to define homeostasis and explain how
it is regulated in the body. (temperature
control)
46