Download Powerpoint DNA and protein synthesis

DNA –ISN 71
The Blueprint of Life
Section Objectives:
By the end of today you
should be able to…
1) Explain why the genetic
code in DNA is “universal”
2) Describe the structure and
function of DNA
Review/Remember:
-ALL livings things have DNA
-DNA is found in the nucleus
of our cells
-it contains all of our genetic
information
I. DNA’s discovery
-1928 Fredrick Griffith
-discovered that DNA
contained genetic material
-experimented with mice
-accidental discovery
-Watson and Crick
-2 scientists who
discovered the
structure of DNA
(using a model)
-they found DNA to be
shaped like a double helix
-looks like a
spiral staircase
This was one of the most
important scientific
discoveries of all time!
STAR
Stop – Think and Review!
On your left side answer…
1) What did Griffith discover DNA
contained?
2) Why do you think DNAs
discovery was so important?
II. Structure of DNA
-DNA is composed of
smaller subunits
called nucleotides
-3 parts:
-sugar
-phosphate
-nitrogen base
Nucleotide
Phosphate
nitrogen base
Deoxyribose sugar
DNA Strand
Bases
-4 different chemical bases
-same 4 for ALL living things
-Guanine
-Cytosine
-Adenine
-Thymine
-bases bond in a specific
“sequence”
-the order of these bases
is what makes every living
thing UNIQUE!
DNA Base Pairs
-Guanine bonds
with Cytosine
-Adenine bonds
with Thymine
- “G-C A-T”
STAP – STOP, THINK, & PRACTICE
-Given the following DNA strand,
complete the other side:
C
T
C
G
“Universal Genetic Code”
-DNA is said to be
“universal” because ALL
living things have it
-only difference is the
sequence of our bases!
DNA Replication
-DNA makes a copy of
itself before the cell
divides
-necessary before
“protein synthesis”
(making proteins)
DNA Replication
DNA is important because…
-all living things have it
-holds all our genetic info
(make YOU YOU!)
-gives our cells directions for
making proteins
LEFT SIDE
OUTPUT
STAR
(stop think and review)
1. What are subunits of DNA
called?
2. What are the 4 bases of DNA?
How do they pair?
3. Why is DNA called the
“Universal Genetic Code”?
DNA Notes #2
RNA & Proteins
Section Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you should…
-differentiate between
transcription and translation
-Understand DNA & RNAs role in
making proteins
-Be able to compare/contrast the
structure of DNA with RNA
Remember/Review:
-Proteins are IMPORTANT!
-proteins act as enzymes in your
body for chemical reactions
-also channels in your cell
membranes
-building blocks of proteins are?
-amino acids!!
-Traits such as eye color are
determined by proteins too
-proteins are built according
to instructions coded in
your DNA
-RNA is a part of that
process
Transcription
-when DNA directs the
synthesis (making) of
RNA
-DNA makes RNA
Translation
-when RNA makes
proteins
-SO:
DNA transcription RNA translation Proteins
2 Steps of Gene Expression
3 Types of RNA:
-Messenger (mRNA)
-Ribosomal (rRNA)
-Transfer (tRNA)
•These three RNA’s work
together to make proteins
•It’s a team effort, they all
must do their jobs in
order for proteins to be
built.
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
Double strand
Single strand
2 sugars
1 sugar
Has GCAT
Has GCAU
(contains thymine) (has uracil instead)
Stays in the nucleus Leaves the nucleus
LEFT SIDE
OUTPUT
STAR
1)
2)
3)
4)
(stop think and review)
Why are proteins important?
When DNA makes RNA this is?
When RNA makes proteins?
Name 2 ways that DNA and RNA
are different.
DNA Notes #3
How are Proteins Made?
Section Objectives:
By the end of this lesson you
should…
-differentiate between
transcription and translation
-Understand DNA & RNAs role
in making proteins
Remember/Review:
-Proteins are IMPORTANT!
-proteins act as enzymes in your
body for chemical reactions
-also channels in your cell
membranes
-building blocks of proteins are?
-amino acids!!
-The instructions for
making proteins are
coded in your DNA
Making Proteins - a visual
DNA transcription
RNA translation
Step 1-DNA transcription
-when DNA unzips down the
middle and RNA is formed
-remember: RNA has the
bases GC AU
DNA unzips and RNA is formed
G–C
G - ? (RNA side)
G–C
A–T
T–A
C–G
A–T
G-?
A-?
T - ? Remember –
C - ? No Ts!
A - ? (GCAU)
G - C (RNA side)
G-C
A-U
T-A
C-G
A-U
-RNA copy leaves the
nucleus and heads to the
RIBOSOME (where proteins
are made…remember?)
Step 2 – RNA Translation
-3 bases in a row of mRNA are
called a “codon”
-these 3 letters code for a
specific amino acid
-chains of these amino acids
make up the PROTEIN
codon
mRNA
strand
A
G
A
U
C
U
serine
Amino Acids
-this process continues
until there is a chain of
amino acids (which make
up the protein)
Codon Chart
What amino acid does CCC code for?
Lets try it!
DNA
transcription
C ------T ------A ------C ------A ------G -------
RNA translation Amino Acid
?
?
?
?
?
?
________
________
What might happen if…
-there is a mistake/change in
one letter during DNA replication
(when DNA makes a copy of
itself)
-Turn to an elbow partner &
discuss…be ready to share your
thoughts
Left Side Output
STAR
stop, think and review!
1) Why could DNA be called a
“blue print” for making
proteins?
2) What are the 2 major steps in
making proteins called?
3) Why do we need proteins?
Biotechnology
& Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering?
h
By the end of this lesson you should…
1) Understand how biotechnology has
impacted individuals, society and
the environment
2) Be able to Identify the ethical
issues that may be associated
with different types of
biotechnology
The study of genes &
DNA has led to many
advancements in
science
Genetic Engineering
-the process of
manipulating genes
for practical purposes
Recombinant DNA
-DNA made from
2 or more
different
organisms
Drugs
-“genetically modified”
medicine
-Ex: insulin made
using bacteria,
used to treat diabetes
Genetically Engineered Vaccines
-avoid dangers of traditional
made vaccines
-uses the pathogens “surface
proteins” to help
us make
antibodies
DNA Fingerprinting
-using DNA analysis to
determine
potential illness
-also in crime
solving
Improving Crops
-creating “herbicide resistant”
crops (kill weeds, not crops)
-drought resistant crops
-“healthier” food
infused with
vitamins
Improving Animal Farming
-putting “growth hormone” in
animal diets
-makes bigger &
faster growing
animals
-cloning animals/meat
Concerns with Genetic Engineering?
-no understanding of long term
health effects
-decrease in nutritional value of
food
-loss of biodiversity in nature
-possible widespread crop failure
Should we be tampering with
Mother Nature?
YOU Decide…
STAR
Stop Think and Review
1) Which form of genetic engineering
do you feel is the most
beneficial/important? WHY?
2) What is one ethical concern with
genetic engineering?
You are DONE!