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MILK THISTLE
(Silybum marianum)
Ultimate Support for Healthy
Liver Function*
ALCOHOL-FREE CONCENTRATED EXTRACTS OF:
MILK THISTLE SEED
MG EXTRACT PER 3 CAPS
(Silybum marianum)
450 mg
STANDARDIZED TO FULL SPECTRUM ACTIVITY PROFILE
360 mg
Silymarins (from Milk Thistle)
HISTORY
ilk Thistle is a herbaceous annual or biennial plant with a
dense-prickly flower head and reddish-purple tubular
flowers. It is native to the Mediterranean region and has been
naturalized in Central Europe, North and South America, and
Southern Australia. Milk Thistle has an extensive history of use
as an edible plant. In the 1st century AD, Pliny the Elder reported
its use for supporting liver health. Theophrastus (IV century BC)
and Dioscorides (1st century AD) also wrote of its value. The
English herbalist, Nicholas Culpeper (1650) claimed it was
effective for supporting the normal functioning of the liver. At the
turn of the 20th century, Eclectic physicians also used Milk
Thistle to support healthy liver function. Much of the modern
day research has been conducted in Germany where it is an
approved herb in The German Commission E Monographs.*
Numerous scientific studies have explored Milk Thistle and a
group of its constituents called silymarins. Many of these
clinical studies have demonstrated that this herb supports
healthy liver function and provides powerful antioxidant
protection, particularly from free radicals and other toxins that
normally enter into the liver and cause damage. A primary
constituent of silymarin called silibinin also helps to support
healthy liver function, encouraging healthy cholesterol
synthesis by the liver.*
In addition to its well-recognized role in promoting liver health,
key constituents in Milk Thistle also help to maintain normal
kidney function and promote optimal immune function.
Limited research suggests that this herb may also support
healthy prostate function, and encourage a vital
gastrointestinal tract by protecting it from free radical damage.
More research is warranted to support the use of this herb for
supporting its role beyond enhancing healthy liver function.*
COMPLIMENTARY HERBS/FORMULAS
Liver Health, Hep Support, Cell Well
SAFETY EVALUATION/CONTRAINDICATIONS
Milk thistle may occasionally cause a mild, transient laxative
effect, which will generally pass within 3 days of use. On
M
DOSAGE
3 Liquid Phyto-Caps, with a small amount of warm water
DURATION OF USE
4-6 Months
BEST TAKEN
After the evening meal
rare occasion, this herb can cause mild gastrointestinal
distress with symptoms including nausea, diarrhea,
flatulence, and bloating. Use with caution if you are allergic
to the daisy or chrysanthemum family. If you experience fast
or irregular breathing, itching, skin rash or hives, seek
medical attention promptly.*
KNOWN DRUG INTERACTIONS
Before using this herb, talk with your healthcare professional if
you take any medications.*
REFERENCES
Blumenthal M, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs:
Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin. American Botanical
Council; 1998: 169-170.
Bosisio E, et al. Effect of the flavanolignans of silymarin marianum L. on lipid
peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and freshly isolated hepatocytes.
Pharmacol Res. 1992: 25(2): 147-154.
Chrungoo VJ, et al. Silymarin mediated differential modulation of toxicity
induced by carbon tetrachloride , paracetamol, and D-galactosamine in
freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997; 35(6): 611-617.
Dehmlow C, et al. Inhibition of kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the
hepatoprotective properties of silibinin. Hepatology. 1996; 23(4): 749-54.
Dehmlow C, et al. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of
arachidonic acid metabolism by silibinin in human cells. Life Sci. 1996;
58(18): 1591-1600.
Fantozzi R, et al. FMLP-activated neutrophils evoke histamine release from
mast cells. Agents Actions. 1986; 18(1-2): 155-158.
Favari L, et al. Comparative effects of colchicine and silymarin on CCl4chronic liver damage in rats. Arch Med Res. 1997; 28(1): 11-17.
Ferenci P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients
with cirrhosis of the liver. J of Hepatology. 1989; 9: 105-113.
Hikino H, et al. Natural products for liver disease. In: Wagner H, et al.
Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, vol. 2. New York. Academic
Press;1988: 39-72.
Kropacova K, et al. Protective and therapeutic effect of silymarin on the
development of latent liver damage. Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998; 38(3):
411-415.
Luper S. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: Part 1.
Altern Med Rev. 1998; 3(6): 410-421.
Magliulo E, et al. [Results of a double blind study on the effect of silymarin in
the treatment of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centers].
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Med Klin.1978;73(28-29): 1060-1065. [article in German]
Morazzoni P and Bombardelli E. Silybum marianum (carduus marianus).
Fitoterapia. 1995; 66: 3-42.
Muzes G, et al. [Effect of silimarin (legalon) therapy on the antioxidant defense
mechanism and lipid peroxidation in alcoholic liver disease]. Orv Hetil.
1990; 131(16):863-866. [article in Hungarian]
Nick, G. Clinical Purification: A Complete Treatment and Reference Manual.
Brookfield; LTP Publishing; 2001: 117-125.
Parish RC and Doering PL. Treatment of amanita mushroom poisoning: a
review. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1986; 28(4): 318-322.
Pietrangelo A, et al. Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron
overload in rats. Gastroenterology. 1995; 109(6): 1941-1949.
Salmi HA and Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and
morphological alterations of the liver: A double-blind controlled study. Scan
J Gastroenterol. 1982:17(4): 517-521.
Schulz V, et al. Rational Phytotherapy. New York; Springer-Verlag; 1998: 214220.
Shear NH, et al. Acetaminophen- induced toxicity to human epidermoid cell
line A431 and heptoblastoma cell line Hep G2, in vitro, is diminished by
silymarin. Skin Pharmacol. 1995; 8(6): 279-291.
Sonnenbichler J, Scalera F, Sonnenbichler I, Weyhenmeyer R. Stimulatory
effects of silibinin and silicristin from the milk thistle Silybum marianum on
kidney cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:1375-83.
Zhu W, Zhang JS, Young CY. Silymarin inhibits function of the androgen
receptor by reducing nuclear localization of the receptor in the human
prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Carcinogenesis 2001;22:1399-403.
GENERAL REFERENCES
Hoffman D. The Holistic Herbal. Moray. The Findhorn Press;1984.
Wren RC. Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical drugs and preparations. Essex, UK. Saffron
Walden;1988.
Felter HW. The Eclectic materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Portland, Oregon.
Eclectic Medical publications;1985.
Bartram T. Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. Dorset. Grace Publishers; 1995.
Boon H, Smith M. The Botanical Pharmacy. Quebec, Canada. Quarry press;1999.
Leung A, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients. NY: Wiley;1996.
Mills S. The Essential Book of Herbal medicine. London. Penguin;1991.
Bradley P (Ed.). British herbal Compendium. Dorset. British Herbal Medical Assoc.; 1992.
Mills S, Bone K. Principles and practice of Phytotherapy. New York. Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
Brinker, Francis ND. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical
Publications;1997.
Ellingwood F. American Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Pharmacognosy. Portland. Eclectic
Medical Publications;1985.
Miller L. Herbal Medicinals: Selected Clinical Consideration Focusing on Known or Potential DrugHerb Interactions. Arch Intern Med.1998;158: 2200-11.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. New York. Springer-Verlag;1992.
Newall C, Phillipson JD. "Interactions of Herbs with Other Medicines." Online. Internet. [4/26/00].
Available WWW: http://www.ex.ac.uk/phytonet/phytojournal/
Huang KC. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. Ann Arbor. CRC Press;1993.
McGuffin M, et al. Ed. AHPA's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997.
Newall CA, et al. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London:
Pharmaceutical Press; 1996.
Weiss R. Herbal medicine. Beaconsfield, UK. Beaconsfield Publishers;1985.
Felter H, Lloyd JU. King’s American Dispensatory. Portland. Eclectic medical Publications; 1983.
Bensky D, Gamble A. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. Seattle: Eastland, 1986.
DeSmet PAGM. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1993
Bergner P. "Herb-drug Interactions." Medical Herbalism. 1997. Online. Internet. [5/20/99].
Available WWW: http://medherb.com/92DRGHRB.HTM
WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 1. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1999.
Duke J. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton. CRC Press;1985.
*THIS STATEMENT HAS NOT BEEN EVALUATED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION.
THIS PRODUCT IS NOT INTENDED TO DIAGNOSE, TREAT, CURE OR PREVENT ANY DISEASE.
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