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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL & HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES,
SHIMOGA-577225
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops
and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
1
£ÉÃV® ªÉÄïÉAiÉÄà ¤AwzÉ zsÀªÀÄð
Prepared by:
Dr. B. Hemla Naik,
M.Sc.(Agri.); Ph.D.(Hort.); P.D.(Israel); eLearning (USA)
Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC)
Name : _______________________________
I.D.No. : _______________________________
Class : II B.Sc.(Agri.) Semester: II Batch : _____
Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture, SHIMOGA-577225
2013-14
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
2
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURA; & HORTICULTURAL
SCIENCES, SHIMOGA
£ÉÃV® ªÉÄïÉAiÉÄà ¤AwzÉ zsÀªÀÄð
This is to certify that, Mr. /Miss_________________________________ ID No. AL(S)
______________ has satisfactorily completed the course of experiments in PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OF ORNAMENTAL CROPS AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING; HRT.
202; (1+1), prescribed by the University of Agricultural & Horticultural Sciences, Shimoga
for the II B.Sc.(Agri.) Degree Course, conducted in the Department of Horticulture, College
of Agriculture, Shimoga, during II Semester of the year 2013-2014
Date:
Marks Obtained : ________
5.00
Course Teacher
(Dr. B. Hemla Naik)
Professor & Head cum Coordinator
Project planning & Monitoring Cell
Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture, Shimoga
Name
ID No.
Class
Semester
Batch
: Mr./Ms.___________________________
:___________________________________
: ___________________________________
: ___________________________________
: B1 / B2
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
3
CONTENTS
Ex.
No
1
2
3
Name of the experiment
Study of flowering annuals
5
Study of training and pruning in roses
6
Study of chemical preservatives
extending vase life of cut-flowers
7
Dry flower technology
9
10
11
Remarks
Study of commercially important varieties of
roses and jasmine
Study of commercial varieties of gladiolus,
tuberose, and carnation
Study of commercial varieties of China aster
and marigold
4
8
Date
for
Flower ornaments and practices in flower
arrangements
Study and identification of ornamental and
flowering shrubs
Study and identification of ornamental and
flowering climber
Identification and description of ornamental
trees
12
Study of palms, cycads cacti and succulents
13
Study and identification of indoor plants,
ferns and selaginellas
14
Study of ornamental bulbs
15
Study of rockery, flowerbeds, and carpet
beds
16
Preparation and maintenance of lawn
17
Study of b o n s a i
18
Study of garden adornments
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
Exercise No.: 1
4
Date: ______________
STUDY OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT VARIETIES OF ROSE, JASMINE AND
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Rose flower is considered as “Queen of Flowers” due to its exquisite shape, size, attractive
colours and fragrance. The rose plant occupies a very important position both as garden plant and
for cut flowers.
Species: The rose belongs to family Rosaceae and the genus Rosa. There are nearly 150 species
under the genus Rosa are known to available.
Rose species used as root stocks: Rosa multiflora, R. barbarian, R. canina, R. indica, R. rugosa, R. laxa,
R. manetti
Classification of Roses
1. Hybrid Teas: Most popular and commonly grown roses developed from crosses between
hybrid perpetuals and tea roses. Ex: Passion, First Red, Grand Gala, Happiness,
Raktagandha, Super star, Mantezuma, Gladiator, etc..
2. Floribunda: Very commonly grown roses developed from crosses between hybrid teas and
dwarf polyantha. Ex: Queen Elizabeth, Banjaran, Madhura, All gold, Himagiri, etc.
3. Hybrid perpetual: Developed from crosses between R. gigantean and crimson China
roses. Ex: John Laing, Paul Neyron, General Jacqueminot, etc..
4. Tea roses: Obtained from crosses between Europen and Chinese species.
Hillingdon, Molly Sharman, Grew Ford and Mme flocat, etc.
Ex: Lady
5. Dwarf polianthas: The plants are known to derive from crosses between R. multiflora and
dwarf pink China roses. Ex: Ideaql, Juliana Rose, Coral Cluster, Little Donit, Camco, etc.
6. Grandifloras: These are obtained from crosses between hybrid teas and floribunda types.
Ex: Buccaneer, June Bride, Montezuma, Queen Elizabeth, etc.
7. China roses: Called Bengal or monthly roses, flowers perpetually, in cluster, suitable for
edges and borders. Ex: Common Blush China, Green Rose, etc.
8. Miniatures: Also called baby roses, plants are dwarf, hardy most suitable for pots, edges,
window boxes, rockeries etc. Ex: Party Girl, Puppy Love, Rosmarin, Coralin, Cup Cake,
Jewel, Over the Rainbow, Cindrella, Gree ice, Sun Blage, Snow Carpet, Pink Cascade, etc.
9. Damask roses: Belongs to species R. damascena, bear fragrant flowers in cluster, used for
manufacture of perfumes. Ex: Celsiana, Kazanlik, Mme Hardy, Hebe’s Lip, etc..
10. Ramblers: They are heavy climbers produce large clusters of small flowers originated form
R. multiflora and R. wichuraiana, etc..
11. Bourbon roses: Developed from natural crosses between the China roses and the Damask
roses. The flowers are large, wide petals and highly scented. Ex: Bourbon Queen, Rose
Edouard, Boule de Neige, etc..
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
5
12. Cabbage roses: Belongs to species R. centifolia, flowers large, globular, solitary and strongly
scented. Ex: De Meaux, Chapeau de Nepoleon, Robert le Diable, etc..
13. Moss roses: They are developed from cabbage roses through mutation, sweetly scented. Ex:
Celina, Old pink moss, Nuits de Young.
14. French roses: Developed from R. gallica, flowers are very large, fragrant but bloom only
once in a year. Ex: Alian Blanchard, Belle de Crecy, Rosa Mundi, Glorie de France.
15. Albas: Originated due to crosses between R. corymbifera and R. gallica, plants are hardy, bear
scented flowers. Ex: Queen of Denmark, Celestial, Great Maiden’s Blush, etc.
16. Musk roses: Belongs to R. moschata, plants are grown as shrub as well as pillar rose,
produce flowers in cluster with musky fragrance. Ex: Vanity, Prosperity, Penelope, Moon
light Eva, Felicia, etc.
17. Noisette roses: Developed from crosses between R. chinensis and R. moschata, good climbers.
Ex: Lamarque, Marechal Niel, Mme Alfred Carriere, etc..
18. Rugosa: Called Japanese roses belongs to R. rugosa, plants are vigours, hardy, resistant to
cold and can grow in poor soils. Bear large flowers. Ex: Blanc Double de Coubert, Frau
Dagmar Hartopp, Scabrosa, etc..
19. Austrian briars: Belongs to R. foetida, they are the sources for yellow colour in the modern
roses. Ex: Austrian copper, Austrian yellow, Persian yellow, etc..
20. Scots briars: Also called Burnet roses, belongs to R. spinosissima.
21. Ground cover creepers: Plants creep on the ground, possess long slender stem.
Ex: Nozomi.
ROSE VARIETIES/HYBRIDS
I. Hybrid Teas
1. Varieties developed at IARI, New Delhi: Abhisarika, Anurag, Arjun, Bhima,
Charugandha, Chitwan, Dr.B.P. Pal, Ganga, Jawahar, Mother Teresa, Mridula, Mrinalini,
Nurjehan, Priyadarshini, Pusa Sonia, Rajkumari, Raktagandha, Surabhi, Vasant, etc..
2. Varieities developed by Dr. B.P. Pal: Akash Sundari, Apsara, Aravali Princess, Ashirwad,
Dilruba, Divya Swapna, Dr. Homi Bhabha, Dr. M.S. Randhawa, Dr. R.R. Pal, Golden
Afternoon, Hasina, etc.,
3. Varieties developed by Kasturi Rangan Nursery: Adora, Agnihotri, Anupama, Blue
Delight, Chitrangini, City of Panjim, Lemon Time, Pestal Delight, Srinivasa, Tungabhadra
Vaishnavi, Vasavi.
4. Varieties developed by B.S. Bhattacharjeee: Heart Throb, Kalima, President
Radhakrishanan, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ramakrishna Dev, Sugandha, Vichitra, Mahaswata,
Jakeer Hussain.
5. Varieties developed by outside India: American Dream, Candella, Caramia, Dallas,
Double delight, Gladiator, Anastasia, Baccardi, Goldie, Excitement, Bellissima, Blue moon,
Big purple, Blue sky, Brides dream, Kiss, Joy of life, Monica, Paradise, Profile, Signature,
Texas, Taboo, White delight, Twilight mist, American Heritage, American pride, Christian
Dior, First prize, John F. Kennedy, Peace, Super star, Virgo, Mante Zuma, Happiness, Illona,
Sonia, Mercedes, Golden party, Grandagola.
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
6
6. Varieties based on colour:
Red –
American pride, Aron, Chrystler imperial, Crimson glory, Mister Lincoln, Norita,
Oklahoma, Ashwini 89, Black delight, Kalima, Lal Makhmal, Pride of Nagpur,
Sugandha, Surkhab, Vasavi, Christian Dior, Happiness, Anupama, Bhima,
Critralekha, Lal Bahadur, Raktagandha.
Yellow – Delicia, Grandapa Dickson, King’s Ransom, Landora, Ico Ambassador, Lemon
Time, Pampa, Ratam, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ganga, Poornima, Shanti, Vasant.
White – June Bride, Garden party, John F. Kennedy, Virgo, Jawa Jar, Dr. Homi Baba,
Megdoot.
Orange – Can can, Colour wonder, Lovers meeting, Super star, Fragant cloud, Deepak
Rig, Nayika, Aruna.
Pink – Confidence, First prize, Sonia, Century two, Chicago peace, Effel Tower, Mullard
Jubilee, Omega, Maria calles, Pink peace, Prima Ballerina, Royal Highness,
Anurag, Apsara, Dr. B.P. Pal, Mrinalini, Uttam.
Lavender/Mauve – Africa star, Blue moon, Paradise, Lady X, Violaine, Ajanta,
Vanamali, Phaddi Dun, Kasturi Rangan.
Bicolour – Bajazzo, Flaming sunset, Archana, City of Panjim, Srinivasa, Caramba,
Kronenberg, Laura, Rosy cheeks, Dr. M.S. Randhawa.Mahalakshmi, Siddartha,
Supriya, Tata centenary, Venu Vaishali, Yeswant.
7. Fragrant rose varieties: Aron, Fragrant cloud, Grandagola, Papa Miland, Blue perfumes,
Crimson glory, Farden party, Admiral Rodney, Ariana, Black lady, Careless love, Caroline
De Monaco, Chrystler imperial, Julia Rose, Sheer Bliss, Silver Jubilee, Tiffany, Abhisarika,
Asha, Blue ocean, City of Panjim, Kasturi Rangan, Neel, Phaddi, Sugandha, Surkhab, Tata
centenary, Vanamali.
8. Other hybrid tea roses:
a. M.S. Viraraghavan – Kanchi, Nefertiti, Priyatma, Rajni, Tamrabarani,
b. Raja Surendra Singh of Nalagarah – Ghajal, Nazr-e-Narara, Yamini
Krishnamurthy.
c. Braham Datt – Don Nielson, Gohd Beauty, Indian Festival, K.K. Thakur, Pride of
Nagpur, Soft Touch.
d. J.P. Agarwal – Kasturi Rangan.
e. P.L. Airun – Divine Light.
f. Telco nursery – Tata centenary.
II. Floribundas:
1. Varieties developed by IARI, New Delhi: Arunima, Chandrama, Deepshikha, Himangini,
Mohini, New Sadabahar, Neelambari, Prema, Sadabahar, Saratoga, Shabanam, Sindoor,
Suchitra, Suryodaya.
2. Varieties developed by Dr. B.P. Pal: Akash Nartaki, Banjaran, Chitchor, Delhi Brightness,
Delhi Princess, Deepak, Jantar Mantar, Kumkum, Madhura, Manmatha, Pahran, Parwana,
Rangini, Rupali, Suryakiran, Tarang.
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
7
3. Varieties developed by other nursery/Amateur growers
a. Kasturi Rangan - Arkavathi, Devadasi, Hemavathi, Kamini, Kumari, Netravathi,
Priya.
b. B.S. Bhattachrjee – Jai Hind, Menaka, Muktadhara, Pandit Nehru.
Peetmanjari, Sir Jagadish Bose, Urvashi.
c. P.L. Airun – Golden Days Mahak.
d. J.P. Agarwal – City of Lucknow
e. M.S. Virarabhavan – Amarapali, Bhagmati, First offering, Mahadev, Vanamali
f. Raja Surendra Singh of Nalgarh – Gopika
4. Varieties developed outside India: Anabel, Angel Face, Belinda, Charisma, City of Belfast,
Conquerors Gold, Flamengo, Golden Times, Iceberg, Laminuette, Rose Mary Rose, Sea
pearl, Summer Snow, Sun flare, Wee Jock, All Gold, Queen Elizabeth, Red Gold, Simplicity,
Play Girls, Mercedes, American’s choice, Woman’s day, Yellow Belinda.
5. Varieties based on colours
Red
– Beautiful Britain, Europeana, Rose Mary Rose, Devdasi, Pandit Nehru,
Sindoor, Wee Jock, Juntar Mantar, Rob Roy.
Yellow – All gold, Gold bunny, Golden times, Agniveena, Golden Rays, Sun Flare,
Kanak.
Orange – Independence, Shola, Zambra, Anabel, Wouburn Abbey, Deepika, Mohini,
Suryakiran, Gloria Nundi, Temple Flame, Kumkum.
Pink – Queen Elizabeth, Junior misss, Ahalya, Arunima, Kusum, Amarapali, Rupali,
Suhasini.
White – Iceberg, Margaret Meryl, Summer Snow, Hemangini, Chandrama, Shabnam.
Lavender – Lavender princes, shocking blue, Neelambari, Sushma.
Multi colour – Charisma, Chakok, Conquerors Gold, and Madhura.
Bicolour – Boudble talk, Fantasia, Scherzo, Madhura, Banjaran, Bhagmati, Saroja,
Red gold, Sea pearl, Dance, Kadambari, Kamini, Priya.
III. Polyanthas:
Coral cluster, Famboyant, Ideal, Margo Koster, May Wonder, Muttertag, Nurse Cauvel,
Orange Triumph, Paul Crambbel, Sne Princess, Vetertag, Swati, Pink shower, Rishi Bankim
Tarpunja, Anjani, Bharani, Nartakim Priti, Rashmi, Red Triumph.
IV. Miniatures:
Arizona sunset, Black jade, Copper sunset, Fairy tale, Galaxy heart breaker, Jingle bells,
Lavender, Little crimson, New beginning, Orange honey, Swinger, Teddy bear, Antique, Angel
dust, Baby, Blue mist, Chipper, Cinderella, cuddles, Debut, Dee Bennet, Double treat, Earth quake,
Green ice, Gypsy jewel, Honey hill, Kiss, Loving touch, Party girl, Puppy love, Ring of fire, Rise N
Shine, Sweet Chariot, Delhi Startlet, Chandrika, Dazzler, Pushkala, Dark beauty.
V. Climbers:
Gold bunty, Dublin Bay, Dynamite, Landora, John F. Kennedy, Sho garden, Kanya Kumari,
Delhi White pearl, Delhi Pink Pearl, Climbing Effel Tower, Climbing Goldn Giant, Climbing
Guitare, Climbing Kronenburg, Climbing Vaterag, Lalkilla, Climbing Dr. Homi Bhabha, Climbing
Pussta, Climbing Matangi, America, Angel Face, Blushing Maid Casino, Double Delight, Golder
Showers, Ice Berg, Leeping Salmon, Lili Marlene, Lousiana, Orange sunblaze, Pinata, Red Fountain,
Royal Gold.
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
8
VARIETIES/HYBRIDS SUITABLE FOR EXPORT:
First Red, Vivaldi, Grandagala, Noblesse, Prophyta, Escada, Vega Texas, Monica,
Laminuette, Jaguar, Illona, Sonia, Mercedes, Diana, Alsmeer gold, Diplomat Paradena, Carona,
Varsali, Randequous, Sangria, Top besse, Blue Simphony, Lambada, Ociana, Raising sun, Capital,
Vanila, Bianca, Skyline, Suidance, Femma, Tenike, Cappaucino, Yellow river etc.,.
Varieties developed through mutation: Abhisarika, Chandra Lekha, Madhosh, Gulzar, Durgapur
delight, Sharada, Twinkle, Angara, Sukumari, Pusa Christian, Contempo, Curio, Light Pink Prize,
and Mrinalini Striped.
Exotic varieties commonly growing in India: Super star, Montezuma, Christian Diar, Queen
Elizabeth, Happiness, Pead, First Prize, Golden Party, Grandagola, Double delight, American
Heritage.
Varieties suitable for pots: Hybrid teas – Flaming sunset, Fragrant cloud, Mantezuma Michael
Milland; Floribundas – Degold, Delhi Princes, Flamenco, Zambra Rambra.
Varieties tolerant to powdery mildew and black spot diseases: Angelique, Arizona, Baccara,
Bullsred, Carina, Illona, Interflora, Queen Elizabeth, Raja Surendra Singh, Happiness
Powdery mildew resistant varieties: Banavista, Elmira, Manction, Sydney.
Blackspot resistant varieties: Spotless gold, Spotless yellow, Spotless Pink.
Practical Work
1. Study of different vegetative and floral characters of a rose plant and draw a neat diagram
of the plant and flower.
2. Visit to rose garden and identification of rose varieties/hybrids.
Study questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Why roses are most liked by the people world over?
Differentiate Hybrid tea roses from Floribundas.
How the rose plants are useful in the garden?
Write the botanical characters of rose plant with neat diagram.
Sketch neatly, flowers of different classes of roses.
What is the most preferred colour in rose?
@@@@
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
9
JASMINE
Jasmines are known for their attractive white flowers and sweet fragrance. Flowers are
used for hair decoration, religious functions, for worshiping, making garlands and in the
manufacture of perfumes.
Origin
: Jasmines are native of tropical and sub-tropical regions, known to originate from
Asia, Africa and Pacific regions. Several species are native of Afghanistan, Persia,
China, India and Malaysia.
Description : The genus Jasminum belongs to the family Oleaceae. The plants are shrubs, climbers
and trailing types. Both evergreen and deciduous species are found.
Species and varieties: There are more than 200 species of Jasmine are known to occur throughout
the warm region of the world, more than 40 species are native to India.
1.
Jasminum sambac (Arabian Jasmine/ Tuscan Jasmine/Mysore or Dundu Mallige).
The plants grow as bushes; can be trained as climbers and evergreen. Flowers in
warm months from April to October, several cultivars are identified and they are mostly
called by the local names. Mysore Mallige, Gundu Mallige, Dundu Mallige, Bellary
Mallige, , Kasthuri Mallige, Single Mogra, Double Mogra, Motia, Hazara, Bela, Khoya,
Ramabanam, Dose Mallige, Madanban, Yelusuttina Mallige, Mungra, Adukkumalli, Udupi
Mallige, Butkal Mallige etc.
2.
Jasminum auriculatum (Vasantha Mallige/Sooji Mallige):
The plants are shrubs; levees are simple, shiny with auricles. Flowers are star
shaped; Flowers used as loose flowers and in the production of perfumers, peak flowering
in rainy season. Varieties (TNAU, Coimbatore): Parimullai, CO-1 Mullai and CO-2 Mullai
3.
Jasminum grandiflorum (French Jasmine/Royal Jasmine/ Jaji Mallige):
The plants are woody, bushy and climbing type, Flower buds are light red in colour
in the beginning, flowers large, white, reddish shade beneath, suitable for perfume
industry. Peak flowering is from June to September. Commercial varieties for cultivation:
CO-1 Pitchi, CO-2 Pitchi, Surabhi (IIHR).
4.
J. multiflorum (Kakada): They are medium shrubs, bears white flowers without fragrance.
It is also commercially cultivated in most part of India.
Practical work
Study of vegetative and floral parts of different Jasmine species and cultivars planted in
College garden and draw the neat diagram of them.
Study questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why Jasmine cultivation is popular in India?
List the important Jasmine species and cultivars grown on commercial scale.
Discuss the methods of propagation in Jasmine
Development of varieties in Jasmine is difficult, discuss.
Draw the floral biology of jasmine with lables
---
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
10
CHRYSANTHEMUM
Chrysanthemums are popular flower crops of commercial importance next to roses due to
their wide range of size, shape and colours. They are used as cut flowers, for exhibition, as loose
flowers and in gardens. Due to possibility of environmental manipulations under green house
conditions, the crop can be grown any time in a year.
Origin: Chrysanthemums are native of Northern Hemisphere mainly Europe and Asia. However,
it is believed to be originated in China. The word Chrysos means ‘the gold’ and
anthemum means ‘flower’.
Species: Chrysanthemum belongs to family Compositae comprises of more than 150 species which
includes both annuals and perennials and most of them are weeds.
Classification: Based on the size, shape of flower, arrangements of florets and purpose used, the
chrysanthemums are classified into several groups.
I. Small flowered mums/ types.
1. Singles – The petals are arranged in one or not more than five rows with prominent central
disc.
2. Anemones – Prominent centrally raised hemispherical cushiony disc florets surrounded by
short rounded or flat or twisted or quilled ray florets. Ex. Golden sands, White sands.
3. Korean single – Small flowers with a prominent central disc, ray florets are flat, number of
whorls or ray florets are five and less than five. Ex: Cardinal, Gul-e-Sahir, Chairman.
4. Korean double – The number of whorls of ray florets are more than five and the central disc
is open. Ex: Flirt, Man Bhawan.
5. Spoon – The outer ray florets are tubular with a spatula or spoon like opening at the tips.
Ex: Anokha.
6. Decorative – Fully double flowers with flat petals and central disc is generally absent or not
seen, ray florets are longer. Ex: Aretic, Elegance, Blue chip, Dolly.
7. Quilled – Small flowers, ray florets are tubular. Ex: Golden crystal, Snow crystal.
8. Button – Very compact, small flowers, produce numerous flowers. Ex: Golden dust.
9. Pompon – The flowers small, freely opened, compact, hemispherical or ball shape, the
central disc is concealed or absent, florets neatly arranged. Ex: Apsara, Jayanthi, Lameo,
Dandy, Eve.
II. Large flowered mums/types
1. Incurved regular – The outer ray florets curve upwards and inwards towards the disc
florets to form a globular shape. Ex: Snow ball, Sonar Bangla, Chandrama.
2. Incurve irregular – The outer ray florets incurve loosely and irregularly and do not form a
ball as in case of regular.
3. Refluxed – The outer ray florets curved outwards and downward away from the centre so
that only their upper surface is seen. Ex: Cresta, City Beauty, Golden Rule, Day dream,
Peach blossom, Sweet Heart.
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Professor, CoA, Shimoga
Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
11
4. Intermediate – The inner florets incurved and outer florets are refluxed, they are
intermediate in shape to incurved and refluxed. Ex: John Reid, Lady Hope town.
5. Spider – The outer ray florets are large, elongated, tubular and curved to form a hook or
coil like structure at the tip of the petals. Ex: Rupasi Bangla, Mahatma Ganthi.
6. Quill – The outer ray florets are elongated, straight and tubular like a quill with tips open
but not flattened.
7. Exhibition - The outer florets are refluxed and inner florets incurred, the ray florets are
generally twisted, irregularly overlapped each other and looks attractive.
8. Ball type – Ray florets are straight and radiated in all directions to give a complete ball
shape.
III. Classification based on plant growth
1. Standards
: Plants with single flower, other buds are removed if arise from the laterals
and produce big flower.
2. Spray
: The main apex bud is removed and lateral buds are allowed.
3. Pot mums
: Small flowered mums with 6-9” height are beautiful in decorating the
places.
IV. Based on usage.
1. Cut flowers – i) Disbudded inflorescence
ii) Spray inflorescence
2. Loose flowers
3. Potted/bed plants
Important Chrysanthemum varieties
I. Varieties developed at IIHR, Bangalore
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Chandrakant –flowes white, takes 124 days to flower, yield about 150 flowers per plant.
Chandrika –Flowers white and takes 92 days to flower, 130 flowers per plant.
Indira –takes 90 days to flower, ideal for cut flower, potting, bedding, etc.
Kirti –119 flowers per plant, plants are dwarf, suitable for bedding and potting.
Nilima –takes 116 days to flower, purple bears 144 flowers per plant
Pankaj – Takes 114 days for flowering, pink and yield 140 flowers per plant.
Rakhee –90 days, primrose yellow with red stripes on ray florets, produce 125 flowers per
plant.
Ravikiran –takes 122 days to flower, papery flower, produce 86 flowers per plant, grayed
red fades to grayed orange coloured flowers, good for cut flowers.
Red gold: takes 120 days to flower, flowers double Koreans, grayish orange in bud stage to
fade to golden yellow, yield 400 g per plant.
Yellow gold – takes 140 days to flower, yield 244 g per plant.
Yellow star –takes 140 days to flower, produce 150 flowers per plant. Used as cut flower,
loose flowers for garlands, flower arrangements etc.
II. Varieties developed at NBRI, Lucknow
Birbal Sahni, Apsara, Jayanti, Jubilee, Kundan, Maghi, Sharad Singar, Hemant Singar,
Suhag Singar, Arun Singar, Appu, Arun Kumar, Guldasta, Apurva, Haldighati.
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III. Natural sports
Parent
1. Mahatma Gandhi
2. Snow ball
3. Pink cloud
4. Sharad Shobha
5. Casa Gramde
6. S.S. Arnold
12
Sport
Kasturba Gandhi
Sonar Bangla
White cloud
Sharada
Qieem pf Tail
R. Venkataraman
IV. Varieties from Universities
1. PAU, Ludhiana – Gul-E-Sahir, Baggi, Basanti, Santi
2. MPKV, Pune – Basanti, Birbal Sahni, Vasantika, Sharad Mala
3. RCA, Udaipur – Meera, Jaya, Vasantika
V. Varieties developed through mass selection
1. NBRI – Kundan, Jaya, Jayanthi, Sharad Singar, Birbal Sahni, Apsara
2. IIHR – Rakhee seedling progeny from Lord Donex developed through mass
selection.
VI. Important varieties introduced from other countries
J.S. Lloyd, William Turner, Gloria Dee, Sancho, A. Jina purple, Kiku Biori, Taiho Tozoin,
Tokyo, Otoma Zakura, Gusman Red, Feicles, Jane Sharpe, Orange Fair Lady, Nancy
Ferneaux, Alfred Wilson, Alred Simpson, Beatrice May, Pink Cloud, Leviathan, Casa
Grande, Mountaineer, Snow ball.
Important cultivars grown in India
I. Large flowered
1. White - Snow ball, Innocence, Beauty Millium Turner, Premier, Valiant, May Shoesmith,
Dorridge Queen.
2. Yellow – Chandramma, Kikubiori, Super giant, J.S. Lloyd, Triumphant, Evening Star, Duke
of Kent, Sonar Bangala.
3. Mauve/Purple/Pink – Ajina purple, Pink Cloud, Pink Turner, Royal purple.
4. Red/Bronze/Apricot – Brari, Alfred William, Distinction, The Dragon, Autumn Blaze,
Achievement.
5. Green – Green Goddess, Woolman’s Century.
II. Small flowered for pot culture
1. White – Mercury, Perfecta, Jyotsna, Sharada Shobha, Sharada Mala.
2. Yellow – Exquisite, Topaz, Liliput, Archana, Aparajita
3. Mauve – Modella, Charma, Megami, Alison.
4. Red/Bronze – Gem, Winifred, Flirt, Jean, Garnet
III. Small flowers for cut flowers
1. White - Horizon, Birbal Sahani, Illini, Cascade, Himani, Jyotsna.
2. Yellow - Basanti, Nanako, Sujata, Kundan, Greedom.
3. Mauve – Apsara, Nilima, Gaits, Alison.
4. Red – Blaze, Daintu Maid, Jaya Flirt.
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IV. Small flowered for garlands
1. White – Birbal Shani, Carol, Illini, Cascade, Lilith, Sharad Shobha.
2. Yellow – Basanti, Freedom, Hosur yellow, Kundan, Prof. Harrie, Red gold.
3. Others – Baggi, Shanti, Rakhi, Vasantika, Indira, Sharad Mala, Meera, Jaya
V. Spray flowers used in the International cut flower trade
1. White – Reagan white, Spider white, Cassa, Stallion, Star mark.
2. Yellow – Reagan yellow, Spider yellow, Cassa Sunny, Reagan sulphur.
3. Pink – Reagan Salman, Reagan Currant
4. Orange – Tiger, Reagan orange.
5. Red – Reagan red, Tigerrag
VI.Cut flower chrysanthemum varieties in International market (single types/margaritas)
1. Red – Rosalis, Reagan Cherry, Leman’s Dark Spiender.
2. Yellow – Reagan Lemon, Sunny, Yellow paragon (standard type)
3. White – Paragon, Tikro, Snowdone White (standard type)
4. Green – Greeno
5. Orange – Tigro (light orange), Reagan orange
6. Spider – Yellow Venn, Vesuvio, Bartiz
7. Pink _ Reballet
Study questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
List the important uses of chrysanthemum flowers.
Describe the inflorescence of chrysanthemum.
Discuss the methods of propagation chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum is a photosensitive plant – discuss.
----
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Exercise No.: 2
14
Date: _____________
STUDY OF COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF GLADIOLUS, TUBEROSE,
AND CARNATION
GLADIOLUS:
Gladiolus is one of the popular bulbous flowering crops considered as “queen of bulbous
flowers”. Plants produce magnificent spikes with attractive colours.
. Origin
: Native of South Africa
Description : Gladiolus is a bulbous herbaceous perennial plant grown as annual from corms.
Species
: About 250 species and more than 35,000 cultivars of gladiolus are reported from
different parts of the world. The genus gladiolus belongs to family Iridaeceae.
Classification (European)
1. Grandiflorus : Plant height 90-150 cm. flower size 14-20 cm, late flowering.
2. Primulinus : Height 100 cm, flowers 5-10 cm hooded, mid season.
3. Butterfly
: Height 125 cm, flowers medium sized with blotches and throat makings.
4. Miniature
: Height 75-90 cm, flowers 5-7.5 cm ruffled, early flowering.
5. Face-ups
: Flowers facing upwards instead of facing toward sides.
IMPORTANT VARIETIES:
1. Developed at IARI, New Delhi
a. Varieties developed – Agni Rekha, Mayur, Suchitra, Pusa Suhagin, Sanjeevani,
Dhanwantari, Noopur, Neelkanth, Pusa Hybrid 1, Pusa Hybrid 2, Sagar, Shakti,
Shweta, Sarong, and Bindiya.
b. Exotic varieties for Northern plains – Patricia, Pfitzer, Sensation, Snow Princiess,
Apple Blossom, Goeff Whiteman, Jowagenaar.
2. Developed at NBRI, Lucknow
Archana, Arun, Basant Bahar, Bazel, Hans, Indrani, Jawala, Kalima, Kohra, Manhar,
Manisha, Manmohan, Manohar, Mohini, Mridula, Mukta, Pitamber, Priyadarshini,
Rim Jhim, Sada Bahar, Sanyukta, Smitha, Tambari, Triloki.
3. Developed at Horticultural Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia, Almora (UP)
a. Chaubattia Ankur, Chaubattia Arunima, Chaubattia Shobit, Chaubattia Tripati.
b. Exotic varieties recommended for hill stations – Apple Blossom, Australian Dust,
Australian Sunday Bert, Friendship, Gelibar Herald, House of Orange, Oscar, Prof.
Goudrin.
4. Developed at PAU, Ludhiana
a. Punjab Morning, Emerald Queen, Melody, Snow Princess.
5. Developed at IIHR, Bangalore
a. Mera, Nazrana, Poonam, Sapna, Aarti, and Apsara.
b. Exotic varieties recommended for Karnataka – Beauty Spot, Cherry Blossom
Australian Dust, Australian Sunday Bert, Friendship, Jowagenaar, Melody, Picardy,
Snow Princess, Tintorente, Tropic Seas, Watermelon Pink, and Wild Rose.
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TUBEROSE:
Tuberose is an important bulbous flowering plant known for its colour purity, elegance and
fragrance. The cultivation of crop is increasing due to its utility as cut flower, loose flowers and in
the perfume industry.
Origin
: It is native of Mexico.
Species
: The genus Polyantha belongs to family Amaryllidaceae with 10-15 species.
Polyanthes tuberosa is a commercial species popularly grown.
Important varieties
1. Cultivar Single – Single type i.e. with one whorl of perianth, used for floral arrangement
and for loose flowers and oil extraction.
2. Cultivar Double – Double type i.e. presence of more than one whorl of perianth (3-5
whorls), flowers attractive and used for cut flowers.
3. Cultivar Variegated – Produce single type of flowers, pinkish white in colour.
4. Shringar – It is a hybrid developed from cross between Cv. Single x Cv. Double. A single
type flower, used as both cut flower and loose flowers. Developed at IIHR, Bangalore.
5. Suvasini – A hybrid developed from cross between Cv. Singh x Cv. Double. It is a double
type, developed at IIHR Bangalore.
6. Rajat Rekha – It is a single flowered type mutant induced from single type, presence of
silvery white streaks along the middle of the blade, very attractive, developed at NBRI,
Lucknow.
7. Swarna Rekha – It is a double type induced mutant from double type, very attractive,
presence of golden yellow streaks along the margin of the blade. Variety was developed at
NBRI, Lucknow.
Study questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Study of different characteristics of Gladiolus and Tuberose plant and to draw a neat diagram of
different parts of the plant.
Study of corms, cormels, bulbs and selection and preparation of corms and bulbs for planting.
Describe inflorescence in Gladiolus and Tuberose.
Differentiate between corms and bulbs.
Mention the uses of bulbous plants in garden display and as flowers.
Gladiolus and tuberose are more preferred as cut flowers. Why?
CARNATION:
Carnations ranks next to roses and are very popular in the international cut flowers trade.
Flowers are liked very much due to their excellent keeping quality with standing long distance
transportation, strong stem, and lighter weight; rehydrate capacity, wide range of form and
colours.
Origin: The species Dianthus belongs to family Caryophyllaceous consists of nearly 250 species.
The plants are native of Mediterranean region. Among several species, Dianthus caryophyllus is the
commercial species.
Classification:
1. Border or Outdoor carnation: These are hardy, early and have symmetrical flowers,
different colours, based on colours these are further classified into three groups.
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a. Selfs (one colour only)
b. Fancies (more than one colour)
c. Picotees (a ground of pale colour with an edge of a darker colour)
2. Florist’s carnation: These are green house carnations, are mainly used for cut flower
production, they are further grouped into two major classes.
a. Standard carnations – This type produces single, large bloom on a long flower stalk.
Ex: Standards, Corleone, Lipstick, Design, Empire, Romana, Dark Tempo, White
tundra.
b. Spray carnations –Produces many flowers of smaller size and it better adapted to
warm climate than the standard type. Ex: Rony, Rhodes, Light pink, Barbara,
Bagatel Silvery Pink, Natila.
Important cultivates of carnations:
1. Standard carnations:
Red
Pink
Yellow
White
Others
2. Spray carnations:
- Scania, Tanga, Red William, Granda, Killer, Master
- Nora, Lena, Sharina, Pink Sim, Castellaro, Paola, Candy, Calypso,
Manon, Crowley’s Sim, Oriana.
- Pallas, Raddio di Sole, Murcia, Tahiti.
- White Sim, Roma, Dandy White, Calypso, Sonsara
- Carmeur, Sentiago, Toledo, Laurella, Solar, Vanessa, Giamaica
Red
- Rony, Karma, Enzo, Etna.
Pink
- Annelies, Barbara, Silvery Pink, Madea, Nathalie, Karina, Medley.
Yellow
- Yellow Odeon, Alicetta, Lior, Cartouche.
White
- White Royalette, Tibet, Ice-land, Excel.
Others
- Exquisite, Scarlet Elegance, Kissi, Luna, Mirage, Macarena.
3. Mini spray carnation – Lima, Orca, Roland
4. Micro carnation – Elo, Pink Eolo, Wiko.
Important cultivars used for cut flower trade:
1. Standards: Miledy, Castellaro, Manon, Decio, Delphi, Nelson, Ivonne, Raggio di Sole,
Magic Brepi, Pallas, fransesco and Donna Brecas.
2. Spray: Natalia, Scarletter, Marbara, Lior, Medea, Elsy, Bagatelle, Stephanie, Kortina,
Princersa, Rony, Karina.
Practical work
Study of plant characters in gerbera, carnation and draw a neat diagram of plant parts
including flowers.
Study Questions
1. Mention the methods of propagation in gerbera and carnations.
2. Why spray carnations are preferred over standards?
----
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Exercise No.: 3
17
Date: __________
STUDY OF COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF CHINA ASTER, MARIGOLD,
GERBERA AND ANTHURIUM
Most popular annual commercial flower crops of South India grown out door. The Plants
are best suited for landscape garden decoration as bedding, herbaceous borders, edging window
boxes, formal beds and pots. The flowers are used commercially as cut flowers for interior
decoration and in vases. Loose flowers used for garland making, worship and decorations.
Origin
: The crop is known to originate from China.
Description
: The genus Callistephus includes the lone ornamental cultivated species chinensis
and belongs to the family Asteraceae. The genus Callistephus derived its name from
two Greek words ‘Kalistos’ meaning ‘most beautiful’ and ‘stephus’ means flower
resembling a ‘crown’.
Classification
There are several types of annual asters varying in their growth habits, flower shape, size,
appearance of florets, colour of flowers etc. The three main types classified based on growth habit
are,
I. Tall: The plant height varies from 60-80cm. Based on flower type and colour. Tall types
are further grouped into
1. American branching – Flowers with long stalk, available in different colours – dark
blue, light blue, rose, salmon, scarlet, violet, white and pink.
2. Bouquet powder puffs – Flowers medium sized, rigid stem, available in different
colours.
3. Princess and giant princess – Flowers large, extra double, long woody stems, much
branched, ideal for cut flower, available in different colours.
4. Giant of California – Flowers large, late bearing good colour range.
5. Giant of California – Flowers large, late bearing, good colour range.
6. Chikuma strain – Fully double, ball shaped pompon type flowers with varied
colour shades, ideal for cut flower production.
II.
Medium Tall: The plants are 40-60 cm in height, the important types are,
1. Ostrich feather – Flowers medium, petals curved with wide range of colours.
2. Giant comet – Flowers large, petals curved, much branched, plants are hardy.
3. Giant crego: Flowers large, curled petals, plants bushy and vigorous growing,
available in different colours.
4. Early Burpeeana – Chrysanthemum like flowers, early flowering, large flowers,
semi incurred petals in blue, rose, white and scarlet.
5. Pompon – flowers ball shaped, petals quilled with varied colours.
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6. Rubens – flowers ball shaped, large, early flowering, branches arise from base,
suitable for cut flower production.
7. Liliput – Flowers fully double but small, plants erect, attractive.
8. Unicum – Flowers large sized, petals quilled.
III.
Dwarf: The plants are 20-40cm in height, under this group important types are
1. Pincchio – Flowers star shaped, produce large numbers of flowers, plants are dwarf,
compact, excellent for bedding, edging and window boxes.
2. Colour carpet – Flowers are chrysanthemum like, plants dwarf, uniform, circular
canopy.
3. Dwarf chrysanthemum – Flowers medium, varied colour range, plants are bushy
and compact.
Varieties
I. Varieties developed outside India
Pot’n patio blue, pot’n patio pink, “Bouquet powder puff, Bouguet white, Asure blue, Giants of
California, Ostrich plume, Crego, Crego azure, Comet, Totem ple, Giant massagno, Benihanabi,
Cactus flower, Blue wonder, White kurenai, Ariake pumpson, Invineible, Early bird.
Dwarf Types: Dwarf queen, Pinocchio, Dwarf chrysanthemum, Dwarf triumph
Tall Types: American beauty, American branching, Giant of California standard, Super
princess, Bouquet powder puff.
II. Varieties developed in India
Poornima, Violet cushion, Kamini Shashank, Phule Ganesh White, Phule Ganesh Pink,
Phule Ganesh Purple.
III. Description of varieties developed at IIHR, Bangalore
1. Kamini: Flowers are deep pink in colour.
2. Poornima: Plants are 50cm height, flowers pure white.
3. Violet cushion: Flowers are violet in colour.
4. Shashank: Flowers creamy white, powdery puff type.
Practical work
Study of plant characters and drawing a neat diagram of China aster plant showing
inflorescence/flower
Study questions.
1. Method of commercial propagation followed in China aster, What is the seed rate required
for this crop per hectare?
2. Mention the uses of China aster
3. Why aster flowers are more popular?
----
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MARIGOLD
Marigold is one of the most popular and commonly grown annual flower crop extensively
used in religious and social functions, in one or the other form. Also a good bedding plant, in a
herbaceous border, rockery, edging, window boxes. In the recent years it is gaining importance as
a source for natural dye.
Origin: Marigold is native to Central and South America, Mexico is the center point and from this
place it spread to other parts of globe.
Description of Species and Cultivars
Marigold belongs to genus Targets which consists more than 30 species belongs to family
Compositae.
1. Tagetes erecta (African marigold): The plants are hardy, 90 cm tall, erect and branched;
flower colour ranges from lemon-yellow to yellow, golden yellow to orange.
2. Tagetes patula (French marigold): Plants are hardy, 30cm tall, bushy, compact. Flowers
small, single or double, colour varies from yellow to mahogany red.
3. Tagetes tenuifolia (Syn. T. signata): It is a dwarf annual with branching habit. Five ray
florets, yellow, roundish and obviate.
Other species includes T. lucida scented type and T. lacera tallest species.
Inter specific hybrids: Inter specific hybrids between African marigold and French marigold has
been developed. These hybrids are intermediate in characters, early flowering, medium in height
(60cm), bushy, flowers double, delightful colour combination of red and gold, are called ‘Red and
Gold’ hybrids.
Classification
I.
African Marigold
There are many types and strains varying in plant height, growth habit, flower shape, size
and colours African marigold are further grouped as
1. Carnation flowered: Plants 75cm height, up to 10cm diameter flowers, orange, golden
yellow, deep orange or lemon yellow flowers.
2. Carnation flowered dwarf: Plants grows up to 40cm, large flowers.
3. Chrysanthemum flowered: Tall Double Chrysanthemum flowered, 60-80cm, large
flowers, and various shades of yellow and orange. Dwarf Double Chrysanthemum
flowered plants 20-30cm height, important strains under these are Luxor series and
Rexor series.
4. Tall F1 hybrids: Plants 60-70cm high, flowers large and fully double up to 12cm across.
Important series are F1 Gold coin, F1 Climax series.
5. Semi tall F1 hybrids: Called hedge type, plants uniform, compact growth, 50cm height,
flowers double with 10cm diameter, colours – lemon, golden yellow and light orange.
6. Dwarf F1 hybrids: Plants 15-40 cm height, compact, flowers at a time, includes Inca
Series (large, double and compact flowers), Space Age Series (early, dwarf, uniform),
Galore Series )long flowering duration, uniform).
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7. F1 triploid: Early, free flowering, large, flowers large, flowers colour golden yellow.
II.
French Marigold
1. Dwarf double: Plants 20-30cm height, available in yellow, orange, reddish brown,
Mahogany- red, golden yellow, bi-colour.
2. Dwarf double Scabious flowers: Flowers with crested centre, colours golden yellow
and golden orange with red markings.
3. Dwarf double petite: Very dwarf 15-20cm height, large number of flowers, colours
golden yellow, orange, yellow and maroon.
4. French Dwarf Single: 25-35cm height, compact flowers golden yellow with maroon eye.
Mahogany-red with yellow centre, yellow with brown.
5. Dwarf triploid F1 hybrid: 25-40cm height, early profuse flowering, yellow, golden
yellow, orange and brownish red colours.
6. Tetraploid hybrids: Early flowering, dwarf, brilliant orange, fully double, carnation
type blooms.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES DEVELOPED OUTSIDE INDIA.
AFRICAN MARIGOLD:
Snow Bird, Yellow Stone, Yellow Fluffy, Sutton’s Double Orange, Sutton’s Double Orange,
Sutton’s Double Yellow, Sugar and Spice, Burpee’s First White, Burpee’s Giant Fluffy, Sunset Giant,
Pineapple Crush improved, POumpkin Crush improved, Guys and Dolls, Sweet’n Yellow, Sweet’n
Gold, odourless, Orange Hawaii, Cracker, Jack, Cupid, Golden Age, Mr. Moonlight, Spum Gold,
Spun Yellow.
F1 hybrids: Beauty Gold, Beauty Orange, Beauty Yellow, Tresbien Orange, Tresbien Yellow, Royal
Yellow, Royal Orange, Royal Gold, First Lady, Primrose Lady, Deep Orange Lady, Gold Lady,
Toreador, Golden Climax improved, Yellow Climax, Inca Orange, Inca Yelllow, Inca Gold, Apollo
Moonshot, Gold Galore, Yellow Galore, Golden Jubilee, Orange Jubilee, Diamond Jubilee.
FRENCH MARIGOLD: Red Pygmy, Happy Orange, Happy Yellow, Queen Sophia, Orange
Sophia, Honey Sophia, Scarlet Sophia, Goldie, Bolero, Dainty Marietta, Honeycomb, Golden
Boy, Harmony Boy, Orange Boy, Spray Boy, Yellow Boy, Bonanza Flame, Bonanza Orange,
Gold Finch, King Tut, Star Dust, Carmen, Fiesta, Red Cherry, Lemon Droop, Petite Gold,
Petite Gold, Petitie spray, Petite yellow.
IARI varieties: Pusa Narangi Gainda and Pusa Basanti Gainda.
Study questions
1. To study the different parts of dahlia and marigold plant and to draw a neat diagrams.
2. Identification of different marigold varieties and record their important flower characters.
3. Differentiate African and French marigold.
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GERBERA:
A most popular cut flower as well as it is ideal for beds, borders, pots and rock gardens.
The plants are dwarf, stem less perennial herbs, leaves are long stalked, deeply lobed, borne on
slender long stalk, may be single, single blooms with dark center, spider, double and semi double
types.
Origin: The gerbera is native to South Africa and Asiatic region, the genus Gerbera belongs to
family Compositae and consists of about 40 species of which Gerbera jamesonii is commercial species
named after the discoverer captain Robert Jameson around 1880. The other important species are
G. asplenifolia, G. aurantiaca, G. kunzeana,
G. viridifolia
Important varieties
Dusty, Flemingo, Fradaisy, Fredeking, Fredorella, Maron Clementine, Nadja, Terraqueen,
Uranus, Valentine, Vesta, Alexis, Amber, Anke, Apple blossom, Belitis, Caprice, Hildegard, Ibiza,
Joyee, Kabada, Marleen, Pascal, Romilda, Rozamunde, Salmorosa, Sympathic, Easter Star, Eastelle,
Nena, Terra Parade, Terra Son, Aruba, Asheley, Flora, Goldspot, Nevada. Rosabella, White Sun.
Vino, Venturi, Sunset, Sundance, Sangriana, Siby, Sissy, North Star Ornella, Tropical, Cocktail,
Panorama, Mirage, Pink Sensation, Tara, Thallasa, Diablo, Lyonella, Twiggy, etc.,
ANTHURIUM
Anthurium is an evergreen, tropical herbaceous plant cultivated for its colourful spathe and unusual
attractive foliage. Originating in American tropics, The genus Anthurium has 600 species, which are
distributed worldwide. Among the number of species available, the most popular and economically important
species are Anthurium andreanum and A. Scherzerianum, which posses’ attractive long-lasting inflorescence.
Several other species like A. Magnificium, A. Digitatum, A. Crystallinum, A. Watermaliense, A. Clarinervium
and A. Hookeri are grown for their excellent foliage.The Anthurium belongs to family Araceae. Derives its
name from Greek language ‘Anthos’ means ‘flower’ and ‘Oura’ means ‘tail’ indicating the flower with a tail.
Morphology
Anthurium andreanum a perennial with creeping, climbing or arborescent stem with lots of aerial
roots. The stem is highly condensed and is not visible during early growing period. The roots are fleshy,
thick and the root biomass is more when compared to the shoot biomass. The lamina portion of the leaf is
attached to a long petiole from where, the mid rib and lateral veins originate in a radiant fashion. The leaves
are coppery green in early stages, which turn to dark green as they mature.The attractive colourful plant that
is traded is actually a modification of the leaf, which is botanically called ‘spathe’. The heart shaped spathe
appears on a long flower stalk and a number of veins that originate from the junction of the spathe and the
flower stalk. The veins are interconnected with secondary and tertiary veins. A cylindrical fleshy ‘spadix’
originates from the same junction and produces a number of bisexual flowers (150-250 flowers) which are
arranged in concentric whorls. Anthurium plants normally grow epiphytically (on trees), Some times
epileptically (on rocks) or Terrestrially (on the ground). Epiphytical Anthurium grows on the trunks of the
trees or on the rocks, but they are not tree parasites. They use them as a foundation or supporting material.
They had an aerial root system, which absorbs nutrients & also moisture from the air. Since the Anthurium
roots are naturally in contact with the outside air.
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Available Germplasm

The genus Anthurium can be categorized into two distinct groups –
o Flowering types and
o Foliage types.
1. FLOWERING TYPE: Anthurium andreanum, A. seherzerianum, A. omaturm, etc.
2. FOLIAGE TYPE: A. Clarinervium, A. corrugatum, A.crystallinum, A. Digitatum, A. holtanianum,
A. leuconerum A. magnificum, A. Pentaphyllum, A. pedetoradiatum, A.
olfersianum, A. hookeri, A. Veitchii, A. warocqueanum, A. watermaliense etc.
Varieties
Some of the hybrids/varieties evolved during early stages of varietals improvement are listed below.
Variety/Hybrids
Spathe Colour
Variety/ Hybrids
Spathe Colour
Abe
Bright pink
Jamaica
White
Aneunue
Green and coral pink
Marian Seefurth
Rose pink
Avo-Anneke
Pink
Manova mist
White
Avo-Jose
White
Ozaki
Red
Avo-Claudia
Red
Sunburst
Bright Orange
Avo-Chemelion
White
Sariana
White and rose
Favoriet
Orange
Trinidad
Off white
Hage-White
White
Horning orange
Orange


Besides these coloured varieties there are many varieties that are bicoloured.
Such bicoloured varieties are known as Obakes in trade.
 Examples of obakes include;Madona (Cream obake), Farao (bright orange with green
borders), Lamboda (white-green obake) and Fla rose (Peach)
TYPES OF ANTHURIUM
 There are three basic types of Anthurium flowers
1. STANDARD:
 They have the most common heart shape, the spathe lobes often overlap.
 Sizes range from 12x11cm to 20x18cm.
 Colour range includes red, orange, pink, Coral, white and green.
2. OBAKE:
 Popular for their two-tone coloration usually a bi-colour pattern of green and a major spathe colour.
 Some varieties will lose their green colour in summer resulting in solid coloured spathe.
 Sizes vary from 8x7cm miniatures 28x23cm large varieties.
3. TULIP:
 They have up right cupped spathes, with a straight and erect spadix.
 The spathe size ranges from 10x6cm.

Tulip types are mostly hybrids with more than one species as their parents.
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CLASSIFICATION OF ANTHURIUM CUT FLOWER VARIETIES
Based on the above categorization, the Anthurium cut flower varieties are classified as
follows. Anthurium varieties that are released by the breeders in the recent years are summarized in
Table.
Spathe type
Popular varieties
Spathe colour
Spadix colour
Ozaki
Light Red
Standard
Light red-Purple
Kozohara
Dark Red
White Yellow tip
Nitta
Orange
White, Yellow tip
Midori
Bright Green
Yellow, Green tip
Marian Seefurth
Pink
White, Yellow tip
Madam pele
Dark red, green
Obake
White Red
Anuenue
Coral, Green
White, Yellow tip
Kalapana
Red, Green
White, Yellow tip
Rainbow
Green, White
Red
Mickey Mouse
Dark red, Green
Red-Orange
Tulip
Lavender lady
Calypso
Lady Jane
Mauve
Magenta-Fuchsia
Light red
Mauve
Darkmagenta,
Fuchsia
Light red
----
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Exercise No.: 4
24
Date: ____________
STUDY OF FLOWERING ANNUALS
Annual flowers are a group of herbaceous plants which grow from seeds, produce flowers,
set seeds and complete their life-cycle within one year or one season. They provide a beautiful
display of colours in the garden. Therefore, more people prefer annuals to other plants for growing
in pots, beds, borders, window boxes, hanging baskets or as cut flower for interior decoration.
Whether it is a small home garden or a big public garden, it is incomplete without beds of annual
flowers. They enhance the decorative value of a garden within a short span of time. At their
blooming time, one feels elated when a rain of beauty drizzles in the garden.
USES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
6
7
Flowering annuals are grown in beds and pots.
They are used for various purposes in the garden.
In beds, they are grown individually with or without perennial plants in borders.
They are grown in hanging baskets,
a) Window boxes or
b) rock gardens,
c) for training on walls and trellises and
d) for planting in the form of edges,
e) Borders or ground covers.
Some annuals viz., marigold, China aster, gypsophila, statice, gaillardia, annual carnation,
annual chrysanthemum, cornflower, sweet sultan, bells-of-Ireland, piminella and larkspur
are grown commercially for cut flowers for interior decoration or for loose flower purpose
in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.
Dried flowers of some annuals are also used for interior decoration.
Some annuals provide sweet fragrance.
Classification
Based on season, the annual flowers are divided into 3 groups
1. Winter season annuals, 2. Summer season annuals and 3. Rainy season annual flowers.
1. Winter season annuals:
This group includes a large number of seasonal flowers. The important ones are,
acroclinium, amaranthus, annual carnation, annual chrysanthemum, antirrhinum,
brachycome, calceolaria, calendula, campanula, candytuft, celosia, China aster,
cineraria, clarkia, cornflower, delphinium, dianthus, echium, eschscholzia, gazania,
godetia, helichrysum, helipterum, hollyhock, gypsophila, limonium, linaria, lupin,
marigold, nasturtium, nicotiana, nigella, pansy, petunia, phlox, pimpinella, poppy,
salvia, saponaria, scabiosa, schizanthus, senecio, stock, sweet alyssum, sweet pea,
sweet sultan, sweet william, venidium, verbena, viola and wall flower.
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2. Summer season annuals
The common summer season annuals are coreopsis, cosmos, gaillardia, kochia, marigold,
portulaca, sunflower, tithonia, zinnia etc.
3. Rainy season annuals
This group includes all summer season annuals and others like amaranthus, balsam, celosia,
gomphrena and torenia.
List of widely cultivated annuals
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
28.
31.
34.
37.
40.
43.
46.
49.
52.
55.
58.
61.
Acroclinium
Anchusa
Balsam
Carnation (annual)
Chrysanthemum (annual)
Coreopsis
Daisy
Eschscholzia
Gazania
Gypsophila
Larkspur
Lupin
Matricaria
Nasturtium
Nigella
Phlox
Rudbeckia
Schizanthus
Sweet Alyssum
Sweet William
Wall Flower
2.
5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.
29.
32.
35.
38.
41.
44.
47.
50.
53.
56.
59.
62.
Ageratum
Antirrhinum
Calendula
Celosia
Cineraria
Cornflower
Dianthus
Gaillardia
Godetia
Helichrysum
Limonium
African Marigold
Mignonette
Nemesia
Pansy
Portulaca
Salvia
Stock
Sweet Pea
Venidium
Zinnia
3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
30.
33.
36.
39.
42.
45.
48.
51.
54.
57.
60.
63.
Amaranthus
Arctotis
Candytuft
China Aster
Clarkia
Cosmos
Dimorphotheca
Garden Poppy
Gomphrena
Hollyhock
Linaria
French marigold
Myosotis
Nicotiana
Petunia
Primula
Scabiosa
Sunflower
Sweet Sultan
Viola
Mesembryanthemum
Propagation
Almost all annuals can be propagated by seeds. Marigolds can be propagated by cuttings
also.
Their sowing time depends upon climate. It varies in different parts of India.
I. Northern plains
1. Winter season annuals are sown during September-October. However, late-flowering
types-China aster, carnation and cineraria are sown during August–September.
2. Summer season annuals
: January–February, while
3. Rainy season annuals
: May–June.
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II. South India
: September-October is ideal time for sowing annuals.
III. Northern hills : March–April is most appropriate time for sowing annual flower seeds,
whereas March–May in southern hills.
Sowing and Bed preparation:

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The seeds of annual flowers are sown in nursery beds, earthen pots, seed pans or wooden
seed trays.
The seeds of a few annuals like sweet pea, morning glory, lupin, nasturtium and hollyhocks
which have bold seeds can be sown directly at permanent places.
The seed compost should consist of one part each of garden soil, coarse sand, farmyard
manure and leaf-mould.
For preparing the nursery beds, the soil should be dug up thoroughly and sufficient
farmyard manure should be mixed in soil.
Raised nursery beds of convenient size (normally 60cm wide and 15cm high) should be
prepared.
If soil is heavy, some quantity of sand may be added. It is better if the soil of nursery bed or
earthen pots is sterilized with 2% formalin. For this, soil is drenched with formalin solution
and is covered with polythene sheet for 45hr. Then afterwards the polythene is removed
and soil is dried before sowing the seeds.
Before sowing, the seeds should be treated with Cerason (0.2%) and Captaf (0.2%) to
prevent the seedlings from damping off disease.
The seeds should be sown thinly and evenly as thick sowing causes damping off of
seedlings.
Mixing of fine sand in very small seeds is advisable for even sowing.
The seeds of echium, lobelia and flowering tobacco do not germinate unless first exposed to
sunlight, while seeds of nigella and cineraria germinate only in dark.
The seeds recently harvested from the plant, although given required conditions, fail to
germinate.
This may be due to physical condition or chemical reaction of seed coat of seeds. Seeds of
clianthus need stratification or scarification for germination.
Some seeds require after ripening period for germination. In nursery beds, the seeds are
sown in rows spaced 6cm apart.
Then, they are covered with finely sieved leaf-mould.
Watering is to be done with a watering can having a fine rose both in beds and pots.
In beds, when germination is over, water is given for proper moisture.
Thereafter, the beds should be kept weed-free.
Cultivation
Planting
The seedlings are transplanted 25 days after sowing at 4-leaf stage. Before transplanting,
seedlings are hardenedoff by withholding water for 1 or 2 days or by exposing them gradually to
sunlight. Transplanting in evening is good as the night cool temperature is beneficial for the
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establishment. Light watering every day in early morning or late in the afternoon is required for
about a week for proper establishment of the seedlings.
I. Dwarf annuals (30cm × 30cm): Acroclinium, ageratum, sweet alyssum, arctotis, daisy,
brachycome, cacalia, calceolaria, campanula, wallflower, cuphea, cynoglossum, dianthus,
echium, eschscholzia, felicia, gaillardia, gazania, godetia, candytuft, linaria, linum, lobelia,
matricaria, stock, mesembryanthemum, mimulus, nemesia, nemophila, nierembergia, pansy,
petunia, phacelia, phlox, portulaca, mignonette, salpiglossis, scabiosa, French marigold,
torenia, nasturtium, venidium, verbena and viola
II. Medium-tall annuals (45cm × 45cm) : Agrostemma, amaranthus, anchusa, antirrhinum,
calendula, celosia, sweet sultan, cornflower, cineraria, clarkia, coreopsis, cosmos,
larkspur, carnation, digitalis, dimorphotheca, gomphrena, gypsophila, balsam, kochia,
limonium, lupin, bells-of-Ireland, nicotiana, nigella, garden poppy, rudbeckia, salvia,
schizanthus and African marigold
III. Tall annuals (60cm apart): hollyhock, chrysanthemum, sunflower, helichrysum, heliotrope,
pimpinella and zinnia.
Manuring and fertilization
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The farmyard manure or compost @ 3kg/m2 is mixed in the soil.
Chemical fertilizers—20g urea, 60–120g superphosphate and 30–60g muriate of potash/m2
should also be added.
Half quantity of urea and full of superphosphate and muriate of potash should be applied
at the time of bed preparation.
The remaining quantity of urea must be applied one month after transplantation.
Spraying plants with 2% urea twice or thrice is beneficial for good growth and flowering.
Fertilizers should never come in the direct contact with the foliage because they cause
scorching.
Fertilizers should never be applied in the pot-grown annual flowers. However, some
readymade pot-mixtures can be used.
The pot-mixture should consist of 2 parts of garden soil and one part each of coarse sand
and farmyard manure.
Instead of fertilizers, it is better if pot-grown plants are given liquid feeding.
The liquid manure is prepared by fermenting 1–2kg each of fresh cowdung and oil cake in
10 litres of water in a drum for one week. It is diluted to tea colour and sieved with the help
of a muslin cloth. It is applied @ 500–1000ml/ pot at 7–10 days intervals.
Growth and flowering
 Environmental factors and various cultural conditions affect growth and flowering of many
annuals.
 The Cosmos bipinnatus, Nicotiana sp. and Callistephus chinensis are typical short-day plants for
vegetative growth and flowering,
 Dianthus barbatus and Nigella damascena are typical long-day plants for vegetative growth as
well as flowering. On the other hand, some annuals require long days for flower initiation
followed by short days for flower development.
 An imbalance of N either hastens or delays flowering.
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
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28
For example Clarkia, candytuft and salvia flower prematurely if the soil is deficient in N.
Similarly if N level is high in soil, sunflower, lupin, flowering tobacco and African marigold
flower prematurely.
Growth retarding or promoting substances play a major role in getting dwarf plants or higher
flower yield.

Growth retarding chemicals—
o CCC (1,000–2,000ppm), B-Nine (2,000–5,000ppm) and SADH (1,000–3,000ppm)—are
used to control growth and flowering in hollyhock, arctotis, sweet sultan, coreopsis,
cosmos, phlox and pansy.
o These chemicals retard plant height, produce more number of leaves and branches
and improve flowering,
o Similarly, GA3 (100–400ppm) gives beneficial results in respect of growth and
flowering in African marigold, China aster and antirrhinum.
o Application of these growth substances is more effective at vegetative stage.
Aftercare
 After transplanting, beds are weeded, hoed and watered regularly.
 As soon as seedlings are established in beds, pinching is done for making the plants bushy.
 However the pinching should not be practiced in antirrhinum, larkspur, lupin, stock and
hollyhock.
 Sweet pea, carnation, morning glory and nasturtium, have weak, slender or straggling
stems.
o They need support when they are 15–20cm tall.
o The stakes prepared from split bamboos and are painted with green so that they can
be matched with the foliage colour of the plants.
 Sometimes, seedlings of carnation, marigold, China aster, cosmos and zinnia produce
flower buds at an early stage.
 These buds should be removed as soon as they appear.
 The number of buds/ stem is reduced by disbudding the auxiliary buds, if large blooms are
desired.
Irrigation
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Little water is needed everyday up to 7–10 days after transplantation.
When the seedlings start new growth, profuse watering once or twice a week is required in
beds.
Later, frequency and quantity of watering depend upon soil and season.
In lighter soils, more frequent irrigation is needed than that in heavy soils.
The season of planting also determines the frequency of irrigation.
During summer season, irrigation should be done at weekly intervals in beds, while at 10–
12 days intervals in winters.
Irrigation during rainy season depends upon prevailing weather conditions.
Potted plants need daily watering during summer, whereas on alternate days in winter.
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Harvesting :
1. Most of the annual flowers are grown for garden display purpose in various ways.
2. Marigold, China aster, antirrhinum, gypsophila, statice, gaillardia, annual carnation, annual
chrysanthemum, cornflower and bells-of-Ireland are grown commercially for cut flower or
loose flower purpose. Their flowers are harvested when they are fully open and are sold in
the local markets.
3. Antirrhinums are cut when one-third of the florets are open.
4. China aster flowers are cut along with their stems when they develop their original colour.
5. Marigold flowers are harvested when they are fully open.
6. Gypsophila flowers are cut when these are open, but not over mature.
7. The flowers, in general, are cut either late in the afternoon or very early in the morning.
After harvesting, cut flowers should be put in a bucket of water filled up to one-fourth of
the volume as it helps in their recovery from the shock of being cut away from the plant. As
far as possible, the freshly opened flowers should be cut as freshness enhances their shelflife.
In African marigolds, yield of 20–22 tonnes of fresh flowers is obtained from one hectare
crop, whereas in French marigolds 10–12 tonnes/ha of fresh flowers is obtained. China aster gives
the yield of 10–12 tonnes/ha of fresh flowers.
Study questions
1. Study the different seeds of annuals and note down the important characteristics.
2. What are the points to be considered while sowing the seeds of annuals?
3. Draw the neat diagram of the annuals and perennials.
4. List our four short duration annuals, with scientific name and family.
5. Mention four white flowered annuals?
6. Mention four all season annuals.
7. Mention four annual flower species belonging to composite family?
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Exercise No.: 5
30
Date: ______________
STUDY OF TRAINING AND PRUNING IN ROSES
Training: This mainly concerns with giving a definite shape of the plant. It determines the form of
the plant / bush. While pruning effects the functioning of the plant.
Pruning: Refers to the removal of certain portion of the plant. It is an important operation for
maintenance of floriferous ness and flower quality along with vigour of roses.
It should not be confused with training – which mainly concern with giving a definite shape
of the plant. It determines the form of the plant / bush. While pruning effects the functioning of
the plant.
The practice of rose pruning consists of two operations thinning and shortening of stem.
1) Thinning: Thinning out comprises removal of old, weak, dry, twiggy and diseased stems
and branches from the point of start (production)
2) Shortening; is shortening of the remaining shoots aims to cutting down of last year’s
growth to a desirable height.
Correct pruning essential factor for success in rose growing and therefore it should be done with
precision and care.
Objectives of pruning in rose
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To remove the unproductive growth, because rose plant bears flowers on a new shoot .
To ensure production of large number of strong and healthy shoots.
To improve flower production and quality.
Pruning serves the purchase of forcing the strongest short bud to break in growth.
It keeps the rose bush in proper shape and size.
To allow light and air to reach the centre of the plant.
To facilitate various cultural operations like hoeing, weeding, soil scraping, sterilization,
manuring so also harvesting the long and straight stems.
8. To rejuvenate the old plants (economic life of rose plant is 8-10 years). Cut off the old plants
from the base to get strong shoots. Practical for ornamental purpose not for commercial
cultivation.
Time of Pruning
The purpose of pruning will not serve, if it is done at the wrong time. Sufficient time must
be allowed for the new shoots and mature to flower. Late pruning delays flowering as well as
reduce the production considerably. The best time for pruning in rose is the period when the
activity of the rose plant is least and the plant is at dormant to near dormant stage.
Pruning time will depends entirely on the climate condition of the region.
In temperate climate it is normally along in spring. Over a large area in India (IndoGangetic plains) pruning is done only once in a year. The most usual time for pruning is during
October-November – after rains are well over and the cold season is approaching.
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Staggering of pruning at weekly interval from September end to October end will provide a
regular supply of flowers throughout the winter. In some regions pruning is practiced twice year,
i.e. May and October for monsoon and winter flowering respectively.
Where and How to prune?
Every rose stems have eyes (buds) alternating on opposite sides in the leaf axils (usually
outward and inward). The basic rule in pruning is always to make the cut about half a centimeter
above a vigorous bud that finds in the direction one desires to new shoot to grow. Since a rose
bush has to be kept open in the centre, the cut is made at an outward growing bud. Whereas, in
climbing roses the pruning is done at a bud pointing more or less upward. Always encourage
outward bud to expose the center open whichever the bud is selected the cut should be slightly
slant. As the horizontal cut retains moisture / sap and therefore, is liable to cause fungal growth,
while making the cut care should be taken not to make it too high above the eye (bud) as there may
be chance of die back of shoot. On the other hand if the cut is very near to the bud the bud may die
for want of Sap flow. So cut one inch above the bud. It is absolutely necessary to cut sharp end
clean. Broken tissues, bruises or hanging shreds of bark will invite for infestation of pests &
diseases. All the cut ends should be pasted with cane sealer (copper fungicide) against the attack of
fungus and cane boring insects within a fortnight after pruning new flush of growth will start and
within 45 days after pruning new flowers are ready for harvest. Because of this habit of rose the
date of pruning can be manipulated any time depending on the occasions.
Types of pruning: The intensity of pruning markedly influences the growth and flowering or roses
depending upon the extent and level of shortening, there are three types of pruning.
1. Light pruning – strong & sturdy plants are prunes lightly.
2. Moderate pruning – moderate growers pruned moderately.
3. Hard pruning – weak plants/old bushes.
1. Light pruning: Very light i.e. dried and dead branches are trimmed. Cut either at the 2 nd or 3rd
eye bud immediately below the flower bearing foot stalk. Removing tips upto 2-3 buds practiced
in standard roses, climbers and ramblers.
2. Moderate pruning: Healthy shoots are pruned back to 45-60cm from the base. Commonly
practiced in floribundas and HT roses.
3. Hard pruning: Consists of keeping only three or four shoots of the last year and heading back at
about three or four eyes from the base practiced for rejuvenation of old bushes and weak plants
pruning is done by leaving 10-30cm from bud joint.
As preliminary to the main pruning operation all weak, diseased, dead and slender
growing and overlapping branches are to be completely removed.
Practical work
1. Development of frame work of rose bushes
2. Practice pruning and training
Study questions
1. What is purpose of training and pruning techniques practiced in roses?
2. What are the points to consider for successful training and pruning?
---
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Production Technology of Ornamental Crops and Landscape Gardening; HRT. 202; (1+1) 2013-14
Exercise No.: 6
32
Date: _______________
STUDY OF CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES FOR EXTENDING VASE LIFE
OF CUT-FLOWERS
Floral preservatives
Any chemical formulation, which is used for extending the vase life of flowers, is a floral
preservative. They also improve flower opening, flower size, shape, colour etc. They are available
in liquid, tablet and powder form and some time their constituents are kept secret.
Constituents of floral preservatives:
Mainly sugars and biocide are used, sugars for providing energy whereas biocide to check
the growth of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms in the vase water. They also contain
inorganic salts, growth regulators and anti-ethylene compounds.
Different types of floral preservatives
Depending on purpose for which they are used, three types of floral preservatives are used.
1.
Pulsing solutions: Pulsing refers to short duration (16-24 hr) pre-shipment of prestorage treatment. Influence on vase life of flowers, sucrose at higher levels is one of
the main components of the pulsing solution. The pulsing formulas for different
crops have been developed. Pulsing is done at high sugar concentrations.
2.
Bud opening solutions: Solution used to make immature buds to open is referred as
Bud opening solutions. The components are same as pulsing solutions, but with
lower sucrose concentrations. The bud opening solutions for different crops have
been developed.
Crop
Carnation Buds
Tight bud roses
Chrysanthemum
buds
Tight bud stage in
Bird of Paradise
3.
Bud opening solution
10 % sucrose + 200 ppm8 HQC +25 ppm Ag NO 3 +75 ppm citric acid.
2 % sucrose +300 ppm 8 HQC
2 % sucrose +200 ppm 8 HQC + 75 g citric acid + 25 ppm silver nitrate
10 % sucrose + 250 ppm 8 HQC + 150 ppm citric acid.
Holding or vase solutions: Solutions meant to hold flowers continuously till the
termination of their vase life. Low per cent (0.5 to 2) of sucrose with biocides, mineral
nutrients, anti-ethylene compounds and growth regulators form the constituent of
vase solution.
Quality of water used in floral preservative
Good water should have low pH (acidifying water to 3-3.5 pH), less total dissolved solutes
and toxic ions, free from sodium ions and fluorides, which are detrimental to roses and gladiolus
respectively. Use of de-ionized or distilled water is always advantageous.
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Biocides:
Biocides are chemical substances, which are used to inhibit microbial growth in the vase water
as well as on the stem surface. Ex: 8-Hydroxyquinoline Citrate, Silver nitrate, aluminum sulphate, citric
acid, etc.
a. 8-Hydrozyquinoline Citrate (8-HQC): Broad spectrum biocide, it acidifies water and
also induces partial closure of stomata’s, used at the concentration of 200-600ppm.
b. Silver nitrate (AgNO3): At 25ppm concentration completely inhibits the microbial
growth, higher concentrations (1000ppm) used for short term (1015 min) treatment. Due
to its low mobility it remains concentrated at the cut surface of the stem where it inhibits
microbial growth. It is considered to be an environmental hazard.
c. Aluminum sulphate: 100-300ppm found effective, it reduces pH of the solution, inhibits
bacterial growth and also causes stomatal closure, thereby increasing vase life good for
gladiolus, carnation and roses but cause foliage wilting in chrysanthemum.
d. Citric acid: 50-100ppm effective in roses, chrysanthemum, gladiolus and carnation. It
acts as an acidifying agent, lowers pH of the solution and also prevents blockage of
xylem vessels.
The other compounds are Sodium Dichloro Iso Cyanurate, 1, 3-dichloro-5, 5-dimethyl hydantion,
thiobendazol, dichlorophen, salts of ricket, cobalt and copper and benzoate acid.
Growth regulators for increasing vase life of the flowers:
1
Auxins: Rarely used, low concentration of NAA found to inhibit abscission in flowers like
Dendrobium, poinsettia, bougainvillea. NAA with BA promote post storage bud opening in
carnation.
2
Gibberellins (GA3): Helps in opening of immature buds in gladiolus, promote opening of carnation
buds but decreases longevity. Its’ uses for delaying senescence is restricted for only few flowers.
3
Cytokinins: Widely used for delaying senescence of many flowers. BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine), benzyl
adenine (BA) in holding solution delayed senescence of tuberose, increase vase life in roses,
anthurium, chrysanthemum, antirrhinum, also accelerates bud opening in roses and
chrysanthemums.
Role of Ethylene on post-harvest flowers
Ethylene, a hydrocarbon gas, known as ripening hormone induces senescence of many flowers.
Sleepiness of petals in carnation, epinasty in poinsettia, abscission of petals or whole flowers, inhibition or
promotion of bud opening in roses are some effects of ethylene. Malvaceae and Companulaceae are highly
sensitive to ethylene whereas, anthurium, gerbera, chrysanthemum, gladiolus, tulip and roses are relatively
insensitive to ethylene.
Prevention of ethylene injury:
Silver thiosulphate (STS) most widely used chemical to inhibit ethylene production from the flowers.
STS is very mobile, travels through the cut stem and blocks both ethylene synthesis as well as action. Due to
its environmental hazard its usage is being discouraged.
Chrysal-EVB, I-MCP (1-Methylcyclopropene) is becoming popular. Ethylene sources are damaged
and diseased plant parts, mature and pollinated flowers, ripe fruits and vegetables. Care to be taken to
reduce the ethylene concentration by avoiding injuries to plants, keeping matured and pollinated flowers in
green houses and keeping flowers away from riped fruits and vegetables.
Practical work
Preparation of different solutions used in post harvest handling of flowers.
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Exercise No.: 7
34
Date: ____________
STUDY OF DRY FLOWER TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
There is an increasing demand all over the world for decorating living and working places
with eco-friendly things like flowers and foliages. Fresh flowers and foliages though exquisite in
their beauty are highly expensive. Also they are perishable and delicate in nature and cannot retain
their beauty and fresh look for a long time even with the use of best technology for enhancing vase
life. Moreover, there is a non-availability of fresh flowers and foliages all round the year in all
places. In this context, flower can be dried, preserved and processed to retain its beauty as well as
everlasting value. The beauty and value of the dried flower are that they can be kept and cherished
for years, which survive the cold of winter and heat of summer. At present dry flower industry is
growing very fast with more than 60 per cent share to the floriculture industry in India. In dried
flower industry, a turnover of more than Rs. 150 crores is projected every year. Our share in the
export of these items is below 1.5 per cent in Europe and it is below 1 per cent of the world
requirement Netherlands ranks first in the export of dried flower followed by Columbia, Mexico,
India and Israel.
2. Advantages of Dried Flowers
1. Eco-friendly: Dried flower market has grown exponentially as consumers became more
“eco-conscious” and choose dry flower as environmentally friendly alternative to fresh
flowers. These can be offered in hospitals and pollen allergic people.
2. Economical and long lasting: It can be reused several times compared to fresh flowers.
3. Dried flowers are available throughout the year.
4. It can survive the heat of summer and cold of winter.
5. Especially useful in autumn and winter when flowers are scarce and expensive. During this
period fresh flower availability is less in temperate countries because of chilling
temperature. Cost of production is high due to heating requirement in green houses and
non-availability of open field grown flowers.
6. More flexibility than fresh flowers. We can increase the length of flower stalk by using
artificial stem. Thus creative possibilities are greater in dried flowers.
7. Less transportation cost. Dry flowers can be transported through sea, whereas fresh flowers
need quick transportation through the air, a costly affair. Fresh flowers need cold storage
also.
8. Offers wide range of suitable and striking colours.
9. Minimizes loses occurring in fresh flower handling.
10. Requires less maintenance.
11. Biodegradable.
12. A variety of products can be prepared.
13. Tolerant to most temperature.
3. Uses of Dried Flower
Dried flowers can be utilized in the best manner for making. Viz., Decorative floral craft
items, Greeting cards and covers,Wall hangings/Wall plates, Floral designs,Calendars, Floral
balls/Flower balls,Festive decorations,,Collages,Pomanders,Bouquets and wreaths,Sweet smelling
pot
pourries,Topiaries,
Swags
(Vertical
and
horizontal),
Flower
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arrangements,Landscapes,Sheaths,Floral album-for identification of plants for botanical
studies,Cottage or small scale industry based on floral crafts using dehydrated flowers, leaves,
fruits, pods, seeds and other parts is a distinct possibility,Dry flowers can be sealed in glass
containers for interior decorations.
Dry flower industry can be associated with many subsidiary industries like cotton fabrics,
terracotta, packaging, cane, basket and glass, jute, iron and brass, ribbons and laces, candles etc. By
incorporating one with the other, one can have the benefit of value addition.
4. Techniques for Production of Dry Flowers
Methods of drying
Rate of moisture loss and quality of produce also depends on method of drying.
a. Drying methods
Sun drying, Air drying/Drying under shade, Polyset drying, Press drying, Embedded
drying a) in room
b) in sun, Hot air oven drying, Microwave oven drying, Vacuum
drying, Freeze drying, Skeletonizing, Drying through treatment with glycerin, Dyeing
1. Sun drying- Most common method
Procedure : After bunching, flowers are hung upside down tied to the thread and dried in sun.
Advantage : Cheapest method since no cost on energy is involved.
Disadvantage :
 Season bound resulting in supply uncertainties.
 Requires large open space.
 Time consuming
 Shrinkage of petals
 Loss of natural colour induced by over exposure to sun
 Lack of uniform quality.
2. Air drying/Drying under shade
Flowers are hung in an inverted position or kept in an erect manner in a well ventilated,
warm and shaded place. Protection from direct sunlight, dry atmosphere, and plenty of ventilation
are necessary. (Musgrove, 1998)
According to Datta (1999), air drying is the simple and cheapest method where in flower are
attached to rope or wire and are kept in hanging positions in dark or flower spread over blotting
sheets or news papers and kept in sun. Air drying is mostly followed for flowers with crisp texture.
One to three weeks may be required for complete drying (Collier and Jett, 2002).
Advantage :


Simple and Cheaper method
No special equipment involved.



Time consuming
Weather dependant
Shrinkage of petals
Disadvantage :
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3. Polyset drying
It is a polymer preservation method which is applied to the flower 45 minutes before
drying. It is a chemical pre-treatment application which is used before air drying to improve the
quality of the dried flower.
Advantages:
 Lessens drying time.
 Improves the intensity of flower colour
 Minimizes shattering and wrinkling of petals which may occur during air drying
4. Press drying
The flowers and leaves while press drying is placed between the folds of newspaper sheets
or blotting papers giving some space among flowers, these sheets are kept one above the other and
corrugated boards of the same size are placed in between the folded sheets so as to allow the water
vapour to escape. The whole bundle should be placed in a plant press for 24 hours. Then it in kept
is electric hot air oven for 24 hours at 40-450 C. The press dried flower may be either stored in
sheets at a dry place or in desiccators for future use.
The original shape of the materials cannot be maintained by press drying but original
colour is retained. The pressed flowers and foliages are used in making floral charts, greeting cards
and landscapes. Press dried material can be used in the preparation of greeting cards, wall plates
and designing landscapes for interior decoration.
PLANT MATERIALS FOR PRESSING:
FLOWERS: Pansy, Candytuft, Lantana, Verbena, Aster, Ixora, Chrysanthemum, Larkspur, Rose,
Cosmos, Mussaenda, Euphorbia, Pentas, Violets, Dahlia, English Daisy, Geranium,
Marigold, Zinnia, Ageratum, Bleeding heart, Corn flower, Golden rod, Alyssum,
Buttercup, Bachelor’s button, Hydrangea Anemone, Butterfly weed, Daffodil, Lily-ofthe-valley, Azalea, Celosia, Delphinium, Phlox, Queen Ann’s lace, Salvia, Sweet pea
GRASSES AND FERNS: Adiantum, Nephrolepis, Golden fern, Silver fern
FOLIAGES: Thuja, Cassia biflora, Haematoxylon, Marigold, Casuarina, Calliandra, Rose foliage,
Grevillea robusta, Taxodium distichum.
5. Embedded drying
To overcome the problem of petal shrinkage and other morphological changes in
dehydrated materials due to air drying, the flowers are dried in embedding technique. The
embedding materials cover flowers in such a way that the original shape of the flower is
maintained.
6. Advantage of Embedded drying
 Retains colour and form
 Support the petals more rigidly.
 Maintains shape on drying.
Disadvantage :
o Labour intensive
o Expensive since it involves the cost of embedding materials.
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Common Embedding Materials: Silica gel, Corn meal, Borax, Sand, Alum
Characteristics of good embedding materials
1. Fineness: - The material should be very fine (0.02-0.2mm) to fill the crevices and cavities
present in flower and completely envelope them leaving no gaps (Datta, 2004).
2. Inertness to water vapour: - It should not react with water vapour released during drying,
as well as with floral parts and form lumps. Eg:- Borax and alum tend to form lumps
when damp, sometime they harden and crack.
3. Optimum weight:- Very light weight powders are not suitable, since these are difficult to
handle and leave gaps during embedding.
4. Non bleaching :- Drying material should be free from any type of salt and chemical.
Strongly hygroscopic material should be avoided as it bleaches plant material.
5. a). Embedding and drying in room
For flowers with weak stems, stems are cut about 2.5 cm from the base of the flower. If stem
is too soft, a thin but strong wire of 5 cm length is inserted from the back in the center of the flower
after removing the flower stalk. Such flower can be easily dried in shallow earthenware or metallic
trays. About 5 cm layer of the desiccant is made at the bottom of the container and flower stems
and wires are pushed into it so that the flowers remain upright. Desiccant is then gently and
gradually poured all around and over so as to fill all the crevices in between the petals without
disturbing the shape of flower. Flowers are covered up to a cm on top.
Flower such as bougainvillea, candytuft, perennial chrysanthemum, pompon dahlia,
gerbera, marigold, rose, limonium etc. can be dried with their own stems. Embedding in such cases
is done in deep containers so as to accommodate the plant material without disturbing its shape
and form. These embedded materials are kept at room temperature in a well ventilated room till
the plant material gets completely dried.
Advantages :
 No shrinkage of petals
Disadvantages :
 Takes longer time for dehydration
 Weather dependant.
5. b). Embedding and drying in sun
After embedding, the containers are daily exposed to sun. Containers are shifted under a roof
during the evening and again brought to sun in the morning.
Advantage:
 Rapid dehydration as compared to earlier method.
Disadvantage:
 Weather dependant.
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Flowers like gerbera, zinnia and chrysanthemum dried well with minimum shrinkage when
sun dried after placing them in a box containing sand. This takes 4-5 days for drying (Sujatha et al.,
2001)
6. Hot air oven drying
Procedure: The container with the embedded plant material is kept in the hot air oven at a
controlled temperature for appropriate time.
Advantages of oven drying:
 Faster dehydration
 Temperature can be maintained
 Independent from weather conditions
 Superior quality product
Disadvantages :
 Costlier
 Brittle flowers due to lack of humidity.
Bhutani (1990), standardized the temperature and duration of drying in hot air oven for
different flower crops. Accordingly drying period varies from 48 to 72 hours and temperature
varies from 30 0C to 50 0C.
7. Microwave oven drying
Principle behind microwave oven drying is liberating moisture by agitating water
molecules in the organic substances with the help of electronically produced microwaves.
Procedure:- Embedded flowers and foliages in silica gel contained in a non-metallic earthenware or
glass ware, are kept in an oven for few minutes to induce effective drying. After the
treatment the containers are taken out and kept at ambient temperature for a
particular period, so that the moisture of the container gets evaporated and the plant
material gets fully dried called as “setting time”. Generally, drying period varies from
1 to 4 minutes and setting time 2 to 5 hours.
Microwave heating is a type of dielectric heating using high frequency waves. When a
substance like water is absorbed in its free state and then micro-waved it responds by
heating and vaporizing.
Advantage
: Unbelievably fast and Quality product
Disadvantages
: Costly
8. Vacuum drying
Principle : The embedded material may be dehydrated under vacuum. It employs a thick
walled chamber fitted with a heating device, a vacuum pump for maintaining high vacuum
and a condenser for condensing the liberated moisture in drying compartment (Datta, 1999).
Advantages :
It permits the use of low temperature for drying, thus minimizing oxidative changes
resulting in excellent quality of the finished product. Energy loss is also minimum as most of
the heat is utilized for evaporating moisture.
Disadvantages : High cost of equipment and its sophisticated nature.
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9. Freeze drying/Cryo dryingIt is a relatively new process. Fully opened flowers are cut into a uniform 15cm length and
placed in vials so that the basal 5 cm are immersed in solutions of glycerine, clove oil, ethylene
glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide and wetting agent. Various concentrations and combinations are used
for stem uptake. After this pretreatment, flower-stems are recut to 5 cm in length and placed in a
freezing temperature at –800C for 12 hours. Then the flowers are immediately placed in a freeze
dryer at 200C and under a vacuum of less than 100 microns for 7 days.
Two phases in freeze dying:
1. Freezing phase
2. Vacuum drying phase.
Principle: - Freeze drying is a dehydration process that causes vaporization of water directly from
a solid ice crystal state to a vapour state without passing through normal liquid state.
Flowers suited for freeze drying include carnation, Antirrhinum and roses.
Advantages : Texture, structure, shape, size, colour etc are similar to fresh ones.
Disadvantages :
High cost of equipment
Electrical energy consumption.
Equipment maintenance cost is higher
Requires precise processing techniques.
Though expensive, freeze drying is becoming very popular in U.S. to preserve special
occasion flowers.
Vacuum drying temperature had more effect on rose and carnation flowers than freezing
temperature. Lower vacuum drying temperature (27 0C) resulted in flower with colour closer to
fresh and control flowers, while higher vacuum drying temperature (470C) resulted in lower
moisture content and stronger/stiffer petals but more changes in colour
Skeletonizing
It is suited for foliages skeletonizing is a process of removing soft tissue by soaking in water
or alkali solution for 7-10 days. The decayed tissue is removed by using a paint brush and washed.
Eg : Peepal leaves
Machinery required for dehydration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Plant press (Rs. 100 to Rs. 200/- per piece)
Hot air oven : Price depends upon the size (Rs. 10,000/- to Rs.40,000/-)
Microwave oven : Rs. 10,000/- to Rs. 25,000/Solar cooker : Rs. 2500/- to Rs. 3500/Freeze dryer.
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Suitable flower for different techniques
Methods
40
Crops
Air drying with silica gel
Anemone, Freezia, Zinnia, Narcissus
Borax/Alum drying
Snapdragon, cosmea, Delphinium
Drying with sand
Dahlia
Air drying with water or immersion in
glycerine
Foliage
Air drying preserves fragrance
Lavender
Air drying with glycerine
Mollucella
Air drying with glycerine
Rose
Air drying
Allium, Helipterum, Leucodendron, Mimosa,
Gomphrena, Verbena
Microwave oven drying
Spray carnation
Microwave oven drying
Chrysanthemum (small)
Microwave oven drying
Iris, Orchids, Sweet William, Tulip
10. Glycerin treatment
It refers to replacing the moisture content in a flower with a mixture of glycerin and water. Here
the flower is actually preserved and not dried.
Two types of glycerine treatments
1. Systemic treatment :- It allows the plant to absorb the glycerin through the stems naturally.
2. Immersion treatment :- Here glycerine is forced through the stems under pressure.
Flowers suited:- Caspia, Ming, Tree fern, Salal.
Advantages : Retains natural shape and flexibility, Lasts indefinitely
Disadvantages : Preservation destroys natural colour/ colour changes; therefore dyes are used to
produce a wide array of choices; Dried materials will have greasy feeling.
Leaves : Maple, Bells- of-Ireland, Mexican Orange blossom, Oak, Beech Cherry, Eucalyptus,
Magnolia, Japanese, Fatsia., Mistletoe, Ferns, Mahonia, Salal, Camellia, Ivy, Rhododendron,
Hydrangea.
Procedure
Select a branch about 18 inches or less in length. Remove lower leaves and branch or split the stem
end of wood materials about 4 to 6 inches to increase absorption. Make a mixture of 1 part glycerin
and 2 parts warm water. Stir well and pour into glass containers. Mark the level of mixture on the
containers. As the branches absorb mixture, add a reserve mixture which contains 1 part glycerine
+ 4 parts water to the original marked level. Soft stem takes 3-6 days for absorption whereas woody
stems takes 2 to 6 weeks. Foliage colour will gradually change as glycerin is absorbed.
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12. Dyeing or Colouring
It is essential for good appearance. It is a determining factor in the pricing of the product.
Dyeing also serves as a preservative. It enhances the natural look and texture of the product.
Methods of dyeing:
1. Dyeing by dusting- Chalk powder mixed with dye is applied on flower surface.
2. Colouring of products using dyestuff with water
1-4 kg dye and 5-20 litres of water are put in a small bucket to form a paste. This paste is added
to steam boiling water tank (800l). About 2 l acetic acid is also added to the tank. The product to be
coloured is then dipped into the boiling water until the required shade is achieved. In case of
fragile product, Magnesium chloride is also added. After colouring, product is placed in the open
to dry.
3. Colouring of product using dyestuffs with methanol
Methanol is diluted to 50 to 150 litres by adding water. Dye paste is added to diluted
methanol. Products are dipped in methanol solution and immediately taken out and dried for a
few minutes.
Moisture tests to know material is dried/not
1. Test the flower in more than one place, as petals dry before the flower centre.
2. Place sample in airtight jar, leave for a day or two. If condensation appears, need to be dried a
little more.
3. Check the sample by keeping upright in a container for 24-48 hours. Head will droop if plants
are not completely dried because; neck of flower dries out last.
Care of dried flowers
1. Prevention of moisture absorption- Dry flower absorbs atmospheric moisture and loses their
shape. Therefore, they should be stored immediately in moisture proof containers like glass
desiccators, tin boxes, cartons, wrapped with plastic sheet or wax paper.
2. Prevention of dust –Storage containers should be dust free as dust particles spoil the beauty of
flowers.
3. Prevention of breakage- Pack carefully ensuring that there is not too much pressure on flower
heads.
4. Prevention of direct sunlight and light in order to avoid fading of colour.
5. Prevention of damage by insects-Moth balls should be kept in storage containers.
Practical work
To carry out different exercises on drying using various techniques
Study questions
1. Write the scenario of dry flower industry in India and the world
2. What are the markets for dry flower industry?
3. Scope, prospectus and constraints for dry flower industry in Mudigere
4. Shelf life of dry flowers
5. General procedure for drying of seanonals
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Exercise No.: 8
42
Date: ____________
FLOWER ORNAMENTS AND PRACTICES IN FLOWER
ARRANGEMENTS
Flower Ornaments:
1. Garlands: It is oldest method of using flowers for decoration. Sweet scented flowers are
more preferred than others. Garland can be prepared by only one type flower or
combination of different flowers and foliage.
2. Floral bangles: Female dancers use along with garlands.
3. Floral crown:
4. Veni: Special kind of flower arrangement is widely used in South India to decorate long
plait of hair during ceremonies at the time of marriages or Bharat Natyam dance recital.
Generally it is 90cm long and 7.10cm broad. Veni like structure made by using
cardboard or some leathery and tough leaves over which different flowers are arranged
decoratively covering completely the background frame.
5. Flower bouquets: It is usual practice to present a nice floral bouquet on the occasion of
birth days, marriages, or to welcome important dignitaries. Bouquets may be of many
types and shapes. The usual shapes are the flat and the round types. Arranging
bouquets in decorative basket is also considered as of high taste and beauty.
Procedure for making Flower bouquets:
For making flat bouquet a hard poster paper in white of any other pleasing colors matching
with the flowers is used having length of 45-75cm. It is also given a conical shape by folding the
base of cutting the paper in that shape. Over this poster paper aluminum foil (white or colored)
may be laid to make the bouquet colorful.
The stems are laid in position with the help of cello tape struck in 2-3 places. Ornamental
foliage such as thuja, polyalthia, cupress or leaves of these also spread over the paper before
arranging the flower stems. Spikes of gladiolus, stems of roses may be arranged in layers on the
paper. Once the flowers are arranged they are covered with cellophane or gelatin sheet which is
fixed with backing poster paper at several places on the top and side with the help of staples. This
will prevent the flower from withering quickly as well as enhance beauty and prevent damage.
In addition to this type of bouquet, other types round shaped bouquet where the flowers
are arranged in whorl, which take the shape of cone. Once the flowers arranged on the outer whorl
some ornamental foliage is backed up to make the bouquet firm as well as decorative.
The foliage commonly used for this purpose are fronds of ferns, polyalthia, Nandima
domestic and crotons. The base of the bouquet tied artistically with gunny twine and then covered
with sheet or colored aluminum fool with silk ribbon. The ribbon should be tied artistically.
Bouquets in the form of flower and foliage arrangements in the basket are also used for
presentation. In addition to foliage and flowers other inert materials like colored festoon paper,
ribbons, aluminum foil, jari, drift wood etc., may also be used for this type of bouquet.
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Button holes (Corasage): There are generally worn by males in their coat collars near the chest,
where provision is made by criss crossing two threads to hold the button hole.
The most suitable flowers for a button hole are possibly roses and carnation. But others like
Orchids,
Flower Arrangements: It is an art of arranging flowers in different styles.
1. Western flower arrangement: This style of flower arrangements is associated with mass
or a number of flowers and foliage arranged together in graceful manner.
2. Japanese type of flower arrangement: It is popularly known as “Ikebana”. In this only
few bloom and branches are used. Ikebana meaning the “arrangement of flowers of the
hemitage along a pond”-Buddist monk Semmu.
Essential factors in flower arrangement
1. Vase: A general yardstick to determine this is to first establish the length of the tallest branch of
flower and this should be approximately equal to the height plus width.
2. Proportion: The material used should be proportionate to the containers
3. Balance: A symmetrical arrangement as the name suggests, achieve an ever balance. First adopt
central line a scale the rest of the material in equal distribution on either side.
4. Depth and Rhythm: Overall arrangement the material should have uneven lengths rhythm can
be created by repetition. E.g. Colors, designs, texture
5. Emphasis: Grouping certain types of materials or colors together. This is more so in case of
geometric arrangement.
6. Contrast: For the sake of introducing interest to the arrangements, the element of contrast is
almost as important as repetition, higher shades can be played against dark color.
7. Color: Primary consideration should be match the colors of interior setting and then to the
colors of the vase.
Pink and Yellow
Blue and Green
White
Red
Red (Chrysanthemum)
Orange and Yellow
Blue, Violet and Green
White with Red (rose)
8.
– Sky of the setting sun
– Coolness
– Purity
– Love and celebration
– I love
– Warm and auspicious
– Cool
Space: Overcrowding should be avoided,
Western type – little space between lines
Ikebana – more space between fillers.
Shaped employed to create styles:
Lines: That of most styles is set first by establishing the outline of design, leaves, flowers or even
flowers may be used for this purpose. Leaves, branches or even flowers may be used for this
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purpose. In the language of floral art, these are refered as lines. Lines are usually leveler or
long in shape.
Fillers: Fillers are the materials that fill the gaps between the flowers and create a contrast in
texture or color. They may therefore resemble shapes that are oval, being heavier and
different from lives. It includes foliage and buds.
Points: In between lines and fillers round open flowers are used to fill the gap.E.g.Round roses
Types of styles
1. Western styles:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Triangular shape
Round shape
Oval shape
L-shape
S-shape
Crescent shape
2. Eastern style of Ikebana: Styles originated from Japan and known as Ikebana. Floral art of
Japan was initially practiced as a form of worship when Buddhist priests used to make
simple arrangement as an offering in temples.
Concepts: Primary concept of the art is as follows.
Three main lines
1. Heaven – Shin- twice the dia of vase
2. Man – Soe-3/4th of shin
3. Earth – Hikae- ½ of soe
Shin is the tallest line – it is one and half times twice the length plus breadth of the
vase
Soe – 3/4th to length of Shin
Hikae -1/2th length of Soe
Flowers and branches are arranged just as nature, the branches of plant tend to lean
forward, side way or backwards in different heights so Ikebana materials one is always fixed in
sight angles.
Japanese styles commonly use shallow vases and pin holders as in Moribana styles.
Nageire – Tall vases
Difference between Eastern and Western style of flower arrangements
Japanese style (Ikebana/Eastern style)
A. Flowers never touch the rim of the vase flowers look
always upwards
B. Driftwood, shells, barks, vegetables, fruits are used
C. Oasis is never used Nigeria – cross bars with twigs
D. Few flowers are used
E. More of spiritual and religious
Western Style
Touch the rim
Never used
Oasis used
More flowers are used
A form of art only
1. Moribana: Meaning piled flowers, in which flower are arranged in shallow containers with
the help of pin holders. Flowers of particulars season are also used.
The two types of Moribana are (1) Basic upright style (2) Basic Slating style
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2. Nageire: Narrow vases are used, flowers have long stem and are supported by cross bars
and fixtures, not by pin holder.
3. Jiyu-Bana: Drift wood and any other artistic materials.
4. Morimono: The arrangement in combination with fruit or vegetables and flowers are
termed by the Japanese as morimono. These are arranged on a wooden base, c/d as ‘Dai’ in
japan. Toomany fruits & vegetables should not be used as that may look like a
fruit/vegetable stall.
Here the role of flower is secondary. Large, bulky or very tall flowers are avoided.
Study questions:
1. Draw the neat diagram of flower ornaments.
2. Draw the neat diagram of flower arrangements of Japanese style indicating the
angles of shin, soe, and hikae
3. Differentiate between western and Japanese style of flower arrngement
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Exercise No.: 9
46
Date:________________
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL AND FLOWERING SHRUBS
These are woody or semi woody perennial plants, in which branches arise from the base of
the plants. Shrubs are generally erect, bushy; grow to a height of 0.5 to 4m. These are smaller than
trees and bigger than most of the herbaceous plants. There are some shrubs such as Lantana
sellowiana, Zuniperus horizontalis will be growing prostrate. Shrubs are very important in
gardening, because they are available in various colour, size, shape, and forms. They are perennial
in a habit and need less care. They produce flower round the year shrubs are quick growing and
flower with in a year of planting.
Utility of the shrubs:
They can be planted in the shrubbery, borders and as specimen plants in landscape and
lawn.
Some shrubs can also be grown along the path as hedge, near gate way or stare case.
Prostrate or trailing shrubs can be utilized in rock garden & hanging baskets.
Shrubs form a good back ground for growing seasonal flowers.
Shrubs can effectively break the monotony of a large open space or lawns.
The low growing shrubs such as Durantha, Acalypha can be used for edging in the lawn.
Some of the tall growing shrubs can be used for hedges, they can be used for topiary work
also.
Classification of shrubs:
1. Those that are grown for their ornamental foliage & beautiful forms
Ex: Acalypha, Croton, Durantha, Erantheumum, Aralia.
2. Those that are grown for their attractive flowers
Ex: Peacock flower (yellow & Red) Neerium, Calliandra (Shaving brush)
Bougainvillea, Hemelia (Rat poison plant), Jasmine & Rose.
3. Brushes grown for their attractive ornamental berries:
Ex: Durantha plumeri, Ficus sp.
Classification of shrubs based on requirement of light for their growth and flowering:
Plants show normal growth and flowering under full sun light.
Ex: Jasmine, Nandibattalu, Neerium, Gardenia.
Plants that grow in partial shade
Ex: Caliandra
Plants that grow well in full sun & shade
Ex: Caliandra, Megdia, Eranthemum, Mussanda.
These shrubs should always grown under partial shade in a typical tropical climate,
otherwise they may show rings of scortching and may not survive
Plants not particular about sunlight
Ex: Acalypha, Cestrum, Crossandra, Eranthemum, Jathropha, Hemelia, lxora.
DESCRIPTIONS:
Shrubs are the plants usually woody or semi woody perennial plants, their branches arise
from the base or just above the base of the plants. Many of the shrubs shows a wide range of
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variation in shape, size, colour of flowers and leaves etc., many of the shrubs useful for creating
different features in the garden. Therefore, it is very much essential to study their morphological
characteristics and grown habit of individual shrubs.
Acalypha
Family: Euphorbiaceae
CN: Acalypha
Origin: East Indies
Several species and varieties of acalypha are grown for their beautiful are grown for their
beautiful foliage for garden decoration. Flowers are very conspicuous. All species and varieties
are propagated by cuttings.
A. godseffiana: ‘compacta’: A dwarf bushy compact small elliptic linear red coloured leaves.
A. hispida: It produces long drooping auxiliary pink and white coloured spikes.
A. wilkesiana: It grows up to 2 to 3cm high. Leaves are red, green, brown or coppery coloured.
Uses: Shrubbery, hedge, edge, potted plant and also suitable for partial shade and full sun light,
propagated by cutting.
Abutilon
CN: Flower maple
Chinese Lanterns
A. darwini: A bushy evergreen shrub up to 20mt height. Flowers orange red with scarlet veinin
appears from June to October.
A. hybridum ‘Variegatum’: Leaves light green bordered with creamy white. Flowers bell shaped,
blooms during summer month.
Altermanthera
Fy: Malvaceae
Fy: Amarantheceae
Origin: Tropical America
West Africa
Altermantheras are widely used for edging, potted plant and also for carpet bed. They
are easily propagated by tip cuttings.
A. bettzickiana (Red calico plant): Leaves small, blotched with yellow, purple etc.
A. bettzickiana ‘variegata’: Leaves small, curled or spoon shaped. Variegated glossy green and
pale yellow.
Asclepias
Fy: Asclepiadaceae
Origin: South Africa
The plant is grown in shrubbery and in pots. Flower appears in summer month. It is
propagated from seeds and cuttings.
A. currassavica (Blood flower): A herbaceous flower, brilliant orange-red in umbel appearing
in summer and rains.
Bauhinia galpini
Fy: Caesalpiniaceae
Origin: Tropical Africa
CN: Orchid tree
A busy rambling prostrate shrubs plant, 1.8 to 2.5m height. Flowers are brick red in colour.
This species prefers milder climate. Propagation is done by seeds and by layering; pruning is
practiced to reduce the branches falling on the ground.
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Aphelandra sinclariana
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CN: Coral Aphilandra
Origin:Tropical America
It grows and flower under shady and semi-shady locations. They prefer warm humid atmosphere.
After flowering top shoots should be pruned. They easily propagated by cuttings.
Beloperone ampherstiae
Fly: Acanthaceae
CN: Lolipup plant
Origin:Tropical America
A dwarf shrub about 60cm high. Stem quadrangular, green, flowers are rose pink, tubular.
Flowers during summer and rains. Pruning should be done after a major flush to maintain the
shape and to promote branching. Propagated by cutting.
Brunfelsia
Fy: Acanthanceae
Fy: Solanaceae
Origin: South America and
West Indies
B. americana: A medium sized bushy shrub and grown up to 2mt high. Flowers in terminal axis,
white fading to yellow, scented.
B. Calycina (Yesterday – today – tomorrow): it is bushy flowering shrub about 2mt high flowers
auxiliary, terminal on short branches. Air account of the changing of the flower colour with age.
At first violet with yellow center changing to dull purple and fading to white, it is named as
yesterday today and tomorrow.
Buddeleia assiatica
Fy: Loganiaceae
It is vigorous shrub, 3mt high stems whitish and cylindrical. Upper surface of leaves is
dark green and whitish underneath. Flowers are whitish yellow, highly scented, and produced
freely in the month of February/March. Propagation is done by cutting. Very severe pruning
should be done after flowering.
B. lindleyana: A bushy spreading shrub. Flowers borne on slender 20cm long spike. Flowers
are purplish violet in colour. Both the species need full sunlight.
Caesalpinia
Fy: Caesalpiniaceae
Origin: Argentina
C. pulcherrima: It is a beautiful bushy shrub. Flowers are orange scarlet in colour in terminal
panicle. Leaves are bipinnate.
C. pulcherrima ‘Flava’: Bright orange flowers
C. pulcherrima ‘Rosea’: Rosy red flowers
All species need pruning to maintain the shape. Flowers during summers and rains. They are
usually multiplied by seeds.
Calliandra;
Fy: Leguminosae;
Origin: Tropical and Subtropical America
This is a bushy shrub and warn conditions. It grows to the height of 0.7 to 2.2mt.
Flowers in clusters with rich coloured stamens.
C. brevipes: Height 0.7 to 1.2mt, leaves are bipinnate. Flowers in roundish cluster with
numerous fine pink stamens.
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C. haematocephala: Tall spreading shrub of about 2.5mt. Leaves bipinnate, leaves are large
with bright crimson stamens.
C. protoricensis: Spherical white coloured stamens.
All the species or calliandra mainly propagated by cutting and air layering. Needs
pruning almost every year. It also suited for specimen plant.
Cassia
Origim:Tropical America
Fy: Caesalpiniaceae
C. alata (Candle bush): Height 2.5mt. Leaves compound. Flowers yellow on 15 – 20cm
terminal raceme. Flowers during September – October. It is easily propagated from cuttings
and seeds. Suitable for shrubbery.
C. biflora: It grows 1.5 to 2mt, bipinnate leaves, yellow flowers during September – October.
Ciestrum diurnum
Fy: Solanaceae
CN: Day jasmine/Day Queen
Origin: T. America
It is very popular for sweet scented flowers. Height 1.5 – 1.8mt leaves lanciolate and
bush green. Flowers are white borne in clusters and open during the day.
C. nocturnum (Raat ki rani; Night Queen): Height 1.5 – 1.8mt. Flowers are highly fragrant
which opens after dusk, making night fragrant. Flowers are pale in colour produced in
clusters, twice or thrice in a year.
Both the species are propagated easily by cuttings. They are suitable for shrubbery,
rock garden etc.
Codiaeum
Fy: Euphorbiaceae
CN: Croton
Crotons are excellent and colourful foliage plants. In general, light is essential for
bright colour foliage, optimum range of temperature is 20 – 32oC. They are grown in
ground and in pots. High water stress low humidity and high temperature leads to
dropping of leaves. Too much of shade makes the leaves green and less attractive, they are
mainly propagated by cutting, air layering.
Important species
C. Varieqatum
C. Varieqatum ‘Bangalore beauty’
C. Varieqatum ‘Crispum’
C. Varieqatum ‘Bankok Queen’
C. Varieqatum ‘Exotic’
C. Varieqatum ‘Fantasy’
C. Varieqatum ‘Fire’
C. Varieqatum ‘Golden Ring’
C. Varieqatum ‘Punctalum auseum’
C. Varieqatum ‘Rain bow’
Cuphea hyssifolia
Fy: Lythraceae
Origin: Mexico
Small woody shrub with numerous branches. Leaves small, lanciolate. Flowers purplish
rose and white colour. Flowers almost throughout the year. A good pot plant. Propagated from
cutting. Suitable for edges, potted plant and mixed borders.
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Duranta
Origin: Mexico
50
Fy: Verbinaceae
CN:Golden Dew Drop
The genus named after Caster Durantes, a physician and botanist of Rome. Genuses of 10
species, all are evergreen shrubs.
D. eracta (Golden dew drop): A tall much branched; bushy shrub flowers are blue in loose
terminal panicle. Fruits yellow berries, suitable for hedges.
D. plumieri ‘variegata’: Flowers are blue and leaves are variegated.
D. plumierii’goldiana’: Yellow colour foliage.
It is usually grown for hedges, edges and topiary, propagated by cuttings and seeds.
Eranthemum
Fy: Acanthaceae
Origin: SE Africa
Many of the species are grown for their beautiful foliage and flowers. Suitable for growing
under shade and semishaded conditions. Colour of the foliage becomes dull in dense shade mainly
propagated by cutting. The cutting used for indoor gardening and shade garden. Light pruning
will farm a bush. Some of the species are
E. albo-marginatum: Upper surface of leaf is green with irregularly suffused gray. Green under
surface.
E. bicolor: Lamina greenish yellow patches.
E. tricolor: Upper surface of leaf covered with shades of purple of grayish purple intermingled
with dark green. Lower surface is reddish with violet spots.
Erythrina
Fy: Fabaceae
Erythrina is attractive flowering plants introduced to gardens by NBRI, Lucknow. Flowers
are occurred during February – April. They are propagated by seeds and cutting. Important
species are
E. cristagalli: A tall shrub or dwarf tree. Flowers pea shaped, bright crimson scarlet, 5-6cm long,
produced in long terminal raceme.
Euphorbia
Fy: Euphorbiaceae
This name is said to be given to this genus in honor of Euphotbus, Physician to King Juba of
Mawitania. This genus consisting of over 1000 species. All produce milky latex, where plants are
cut or damaged. All are short day plants, flowers during winter months. Grown as potted plant,
shrubbery, rock garden and specimen plant etc.
E. continifolia (E. carcassna): A tall full branched shrub up to 3mt. Stem is purplish red, leaves
coppery red, rounded ovate. Flowers are small arise in the leaf axis.
E. leucocephala (White poinsettia): Tall shrub with uniformly spreading pinkish branches.
Flowers are small yellow, bracts obovate, white in colour.
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E. pulcherima (Poinsettea): Medium sized shrub, colour of the bracts varies with varieties viz.,
whited red, blood red, yellow, rose etc.
E. pulcherrima “Plemnissima flaming sphere” (Fire Ball): Bracts are brick red in colour and
produced in clusters.
Gardenia jasminoides
Fy: Rubiaceae Origin: Cape jasmine
It is well shapped bushy shrub. Flowers solitary, auxillary, double or single type. Flowers
white gradually turning to yellow, fragrant. Flower appear in summer months.
Graptophyllum
Fy: Acanthaceae
Origin: SE Asia
G. pictum: It is beautiful foliage in shrub, stem yellowish green. Leaves are variegated with ivory
white and light yellow longitudinally on both sides of the midrip.
G. pictum ‘Tricolor’: Leaves purplish green variegated with yellow and pink along the center.
G. pictum ‘Crispum’: Leaves distorted and puckered is more.
Graptophylum grow well in bright but not in full sum. The height of the bush can be
regulated by pruning. Mainly propagated by cutting.
Hamelia patens
Fy: Rubiaceae Origin: West Indies
It is a perpetually flowering shrub growing up to 2.5mt. Flowers orange scarlet, tubular, a
terminal received. Pruning is required to regulate the shape suitable for hedges. It is mainly
propagated by cutting.
Hibiscus
Fy: Malvaceae
H. mutabilis (Changeable rose): In Latin ‘mutabilis’ means changing and refers to the flowers of
the species which change colour from white to almost red during the course of the day. Flowers
during summer and rains. Propagated by seed and air layering.
H. rose-sinensis (Chinal rose): An evergreen shrub. Height 1-3m, depending upon the variety.
Leaves ovate narrow at the tip. Flowers small to large. Solitary, auxillary, single, semi double and
double having many shades like white, yellow, red pink, purple, blue etc. In mild climate they
flower through out the year. Pruning is practiced to maintain the shape. They are propagated by
cutting, layering budding and grafting. Weevils, red spider mites, mealy bugs causes severe
damage.
H. schizo-petalus: Schizopetalus means split petals. They are beautifully cut and laminated petals.
Petals are recurved and beautifully cut at various lengths.
H. syriacus ‘blue bird’: Flowers single or double, blue in colours.
H. rosa – sinensis ‘snow flake’: Leaves variegated with irregular grayish green and cream white
patches.
Hydrangea
The genus containing about 35 species.
Fy: Saxifragaceae
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H. macrophylla: It is native of Japan. It is vigorous bush with brownish branches. Leaves ovate to
lanciolate. Inflorescence ball shaped. Flowers blue or pink.
H. macrophylla divided into two classes.
Hortensis: with flat heads of flowers, the outer flowers sterile, the inner fertile
b. Lace-caps: with flat heads of flowers, the outer flowers sterile, the inner fertile. The
‘hortensis’ have many cultivars.
H. macrophylla ‘Altona’: Flowers deep rose, serrated petals.
H. macrophylla ‘White wane’: Large white flowers.
H. macrophylla ‘Variegata’: Flowers blue in acid soil with aluminum and pink in soil of higher pH
with calcium.
Hydrangeas are medium shrub used as specimen plant or in shrubbery border. Susceptible
to frost damage. Excellent for pot plant for indoor and out door decorations. Pruning should be
done after flowering. They are propagated by cutting taken from the ends of non-flowering shoots
with two or three pair of leaves.
Iresine lindenii
Fy: Amaranthaceae
CN: Blood leaf plant
It is a low spreading, semi erect shoot shrub. Leaves are deep blood red. Iresine are good
for edging purpose. Propagation is by cutting.
Ixora
Fy: Rubiaceae
I. chinensis: A dwarf species, height 1.5mt high. Flowers red, pink, yellow, depends on varieties.
Flowers tubular 2.5cm long on terminal corymb.
I. coccinea: A compact shrub of 1.5m long. Flowers are scarlet coloured.
I. hybrida: Leaves are large, deep green, clusters of buff coloured flowers.
I. singaporensis: A tall bushy plant 2 to 2.5m high. Leaves are large. Elliptic, lanciolate. Flowers
arise in a large corymb of about 15-18cm diameter. Brilliant orange scarlet colour. Flowers during
June to October.
All most all the species of Ixora plants produce flowers freshly in summer and rains. Light
pruning is necessary to maintain the shape and to promote new shoots for flowering next year.
Used for shrubbery, specimen plant etc. Mainly propagated by cutting, air layering.
Lantana
It consisting of 50 species of evergreen shrubs.
Malvaviscus
Fy: Verbenaceae
Fy: Malvaceae
It has 10-12 species of shrubs
M. arboreus: Height 2.5m leaves alternate, simple. Flowers are solitary, auxillary, scarlet, 5.0-6.0cm
long do not open fully.
M. arboreus ‘Alba’: Flowers pinkish white.
M. arboreus ‘Variegata’: White and yellow patches develop on green leaves. Flower scarlet.
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They are grown for shrubbery, hedge. It can be keep low and bushy by pruning. Flowers
year round but peak during later part of rainy season and winter, mainly propagated by semiwoody cuttings.
Manihot
Fy: Euphorbiaceae
M. esculenta ‘Variegata’: Leaves digitate, 7-9 leaflets. Green variegated with yellow along
the midrip. It prefers full sunlight. Pruning is done to keep the plant bushy and attractive. It is
propagated by cuttings.
Mussaenda
Origin:Trophical Africa
Fy: Rubiaceae
A genus of above 40 species of flowering shrubs native of tropical Africa, Asia and Pacific
Islands. The important species are
M. erythrophylla: A semi-erect shrub of 2m high, branches covered with light brown hairs, leaves
are ovate, flower arise in terminal cyme, sepals expanded, bright scarlet above, whitish with red
veins below, hairy on both surfaces.
M. erythrophylla ‘Queen sirikit’: Flowers are yellow, tubular, sepals (bracts) are light pink in
colour.
M. erythrophylla ‘Rosea’: Sepals are pink on upper surface lower surface white, greenish with age.
M. erythrophall ‘scarlet’: Sepals are deep red, velvety, lower surface pinkish.
M. frondosa: Flowers orange, sepals are creamy white in colour.
M. luteola: Flowers tubular and yellow, sepals yellowish, single type.
M. philippica ‘Aurorae’: Sepals are white, lower surface become greenish with age.
All the species of Mussaenda are suitable for small and large gardens. They should be
grown in well dried soil. They tolerate partial shape particularly in area where summer
temperature is high and atmosphere dry. They are used as specimen plant in lawn, shrubbery etc.
They are mainly propagated through semi hard wood cutting and through air layering. Root
promoting hormones like IBA or NAA should be used for obtaining better percentage of rooting.
Nerium
Fy: Apocynaceae
This genus has three species of evergreen shrubs.
N. oleander: Height 2.5 mt, leaves 22-35mt long, tripinnate, narrow, lanciolate, dark green. Flowers
purplish in large panicles.
The plants mainly grown for the beautiful foliage and flowers. It is propagated by seeds and
cuttings. Pruning will promote branching with new leave.
N. oleander ‘Variegatum’: Leaves are variegated cream and light yellow. Flowers carmine pink
double. Flowers during the end of summer, propagated by cuttings.
Pachystachys
Fy: Acanthaceae
P. lutea (Lolipop plant): Height 50cm, leaves lanceolate, flowers white emerging through golden
yellow showy bracts on terminal spike. It is a well shaped plant. It grows in full sun and partial
sun light. Spikes should be removed after wilting. Cutting root easily. Useful for shrubbery, rock
garden and as potted plant.
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Pentas
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Fy: Rubiaceae Origin: Africa, Madagascar
P. lanceolata (Star plant): It is small perpetual flowering type. Height 40-60cm leaves opposite.
Upper surface glossy green, light green and hairy beneath. Numerous flowers. Other species are
P. lanceolata ‘Alba’: White flowers
P. lanceolata ‘Cornea’: Pale lavender pink
P. lanceolata ‘Coccinia’: Flowers bright scarlet
P. kermesiana: 1.5mt high, leaves lanciolate, hairy, flowers red about 1cm across.
All are bushy shrubs. This species of pentas grow and flower better in more light.
Propagated by cutting, suitable, useful for shrubbery, rock garden and as potted plant.
Phyllanthus
Fy: Euphorbiaceae
CN:Snow Bush
P. nivosus: A bushy shrub up to 2mt high, leaves are green variegated white and green.
P. nivous ‘Rosea picta’: leaves mottled with pink, purple as well as green and white.
The other plants are grown for their attractive foliage and bushy habit. Prefer full sun. It is
popular pot plants propagated by seeds and cuttings.
Plumbago
O: Pacidic Islands
Fy: Plumbaginaceae
The name is derived from Latin plumbum meaning ‘Lead’. Some species are said to be remedy
against lead poising. There are about 12 species of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
P. auriculata (P. capensis): A dwarf bushy shrubs up to a height of 1mt. Flowers appear in
terminal receme. It grown partial and full sunlight. The plant will remain in flower for about 10
months. Suitable for rockery, shrubbery and in pots, plumbago susceptible to water logging.
Cutting and layering are the common methods of propagation.
Poluscias (Arelia)
Fy: Araliaceae
The genus includes about 80 species of shrubs and small trees.
P. balfouriana: Height 2mt, stem bronge green, leaves long, 3 leaflets, heart shaped at the base.
P. balfouriana ‘Albicans’: Leaves with creamy white margin.
P. balfouriana ‘lancasterit: leaves pale creamy
P. balfouriana ‘pennockii: Leaves splashed with yellow and cream
P. filicifolia: Leaves unequally pinnate, bright green, mid rip purplish
P. fruticosa: Leaves feathery, 3-pinnately cut, 20-30cm long
P. quilfoylei: Height 3mt leaves much divided into small segments of various shapes and sizes.
Green margined with creamy white.
All the species are grown for their beautiful foliage. Suitable for shade garden, out door
garden, as potted plant. They are propagated by cutting and air layering.
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Poluscias (Arelia)
Fy: Araliaceae
Prostraute shrub, with few eract branches. The plant bears numerous small bright red
flowers in lose receme during summer and rains. Very useful for shrubbery, rock garden and pots.
It is propagated by cutting and division of clumps.
Sanchezia nobilis
O: Ecuador
Fy: Acanthaceae
It is a quick growing shrub with showy foliage. Stem squire, grows in a zigzag manner and
attains a height of about 1.5mt. Leaf is green with light yellow veins. Flowers during summer and
rains. It is suitable for semi shade and in pot as a foliage plant. Suitable for shade garden and as
potted plant.
Strobilanthes
Fy: Acanthaceae
Origin: China, Japan
This genus of over 200 species of Herb’s and shrubs.
S. dyerianus: It is a colourful foliage shrub. Height 1mt, leaves opposite, lanceolate, 5-7cm wide,
upper surface coarser with iridescent tints of blue and lilac, rosy purple beneath. Flowers violet
blue, funnel shaped. Propagated by cutting. Suitable for shade garden and as potted plant.
Tabernaemontana
Fy: Apocynanceae
T. coronariac (Cape jasmine): It is very large shrub in garden. 1.5-4mt high. Leaves are simple,
opposite, flowers white, 3-5cm across, single, semi double or double in terminal and auxillary
cyme.
Flowers almost throughout the year. More profusely during the summer and rains.
Pruning is done to maintain the height and shape. Propagated by cutting, useful for planting near
temples, home garden etc.
Tecoma stans (Yellow bell)
Fy: Bignoniaceae
An erect shrub with spreading branches. Height 3mt, leaves compound, opposite,
lanciolate 4-10cm long. Flowers yellow, borne on large terminal panicle during the summer and
rains. Corolla funnel shaped. Multiplied from seeds and cuttings. It is suitable for planting as
hedge plant in the garden.
Tecomaria
Origin:South Afric
Fy: Bignoniaceae
T. campensis (Cape honeysuckle): A tall, bushy shrub, leaves compound, leaflet 7-9, broadly ovate.
Flowers orange or scarlet. Flowers more profusely during summer. It should be pruned every
year. Mainly propagated by cutting, suitable for planting in shrubbery, rock garden, hedge etc.
Lemonia spectablis
Origin: Cuba
Fy: Rutaceae
It is a tall shrub, 2.1 – 2.4m high, flowers crimson pink, two large green bracts with each
flower, leaves glossy, flowers throughout the year. Grows both in sun and semishade.
Propagation by air layering.
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Lagerstroemia indica
Origin:China
Fy: Lythraceae
It grows to the height of 3m flowers on long panicles 15.2 – 23.0cm long, mauve colored.
Other species are
L. indica var. The Bride: Flowers are rose colour
L. indica var. Rosea: deep pink flowers
L. indica var. Candida: white flowers
All the species are hardy plants, produces flowers from May – July, pruning required in
January to maintain the shape. The cut branches may be used as cutting. Propagation by seeds
and cut branches.
Carissa caranda
Origin:India
Fy: Apocynaceae
It is tall erect shrub 2.5 – 3.5m high, grown mainly for attractive fruits. It flowers in early
summer and fruits mature in June. The fruits used for pickles. Propagation by seeds and cutting.
Euonymus japonica
Fy: Celastraceae
The plant is thin wiry stem, stem are glossy, small duminative leaves in pairs and
positioned horizontally. This also have very small root system, shallow pots are enough for
growing. It can be grown in semishade and full sunlight. Propagation by cuttings and layering.
Malphigia coccigera
Fy: Malphigiaceae
Dwarf shrub, 0.6 – 0.9m high numerous pinkish white flowers on straight shoots and
shining green leaves. Flowers during summer and rainy season. It should be grown in full sun. It
should be grown in full sun. Propagation by seeds and layering.
Ochna squarrosa
Fy: Ochanaceae
It is a tall shrub, 2.4 – 3.0m high, flowers produces profusely during hot months. The red
sepals and fruits are very attractive. Propagation by seeds and cuttings.
Cultivation practices:
Irrigation: Watering should be frequent once in 7-15 days depending up on the severity of summer
and age of the plants, while in winter 10-15 days.
Pruning: At the time of planting, the extra roots can be pruned to draw a balance between roots
and shoot growth.
Training: To train the shrubs for hedges or standards or topiary work, regular pruning is essential.
It is usually carried out just before rainy season or in Feb, March and avoid pruning in winter.
During pruning remove all dead branches, weak and diseased ones. Pruning, helps in checking the
growth of the shrubs.
Propagation: Most of the shrubs are propagated through cutting-hard and semi hard or soft-wood
cuttings.
Study Questions:
1. Give three examples for modified flowers with scientific names & family
2. Mention three flowering shrubs with scented flowers
3. Classify shrubs based on light requirement with examples.
4. Classify shrubs based on the purpose for which they are grown give examples.
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Excercise No: 10
57
Date:______________
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL AND FLOWERING CLIMBER
Botanically climber can be defined as a plant which posses some special structures such are
hook thorns (Bougainvillea), Tendril (coral creeper), root lets (Ficus ripens) and modified leaf stalks.
Climber possess weak stem thus if variably they need support for better growth and performance.
Classification of climber:I. Based on the growth habit & purpose for which they are used:
1. Climbers with showy flowers:Climbers of this group generally display a show with flowers of certain duration in a year,
which are more appealing and aesthetic look.
2. Climber with scented flowers:This group produce beautiful flower with sweet sent some times they may be both
flowering & foliage with fragrance.
Ex: Jasminum sambac, J. grandiflorum
3. Climbers with attractive foliage:
These are mostly grown for their various types and shapes of foliage.
Ex: Money plant, Monstera, Syngonium, Philodendron, etc.
4. Shad loving climbers:
Ex: Clerodendron splendons, Thunbergia, Rangoon Creeper
II. Based on amount of vegetative growth put forth
a) Light climber: These grow very slowly, posses less vegetative growth and occupy smaller
area.
b) Heavy climbers:- usually grows for many years and posses lot of vegetative growth and
occupies bigger area.
III. Based on Duration/life cycle:Annual climbers:
Ex: Butter pea plant - Clitoria, White Blue, Rangoon Creeper
Perennial Climbers: These produce numerous tuberous roots in the soil, which sprout & put forth
leaf & flower every year.
Ex: Jasmine, morning glory, garlic creeper.
IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTIN OF CLIMBERS, CREEPERS:
CLIMBERS& CREEPERS:
pergola, Propagated by layering.
1. Adenocalyma calycina
The following species are suitable for training on arches,
CN: Garlic vine
FY: Bignoniaceae
It is heavy climber, leaflets 3-5, the terminal one is some time modified into tendrils, leaves
ovate, leathery, flowers large, scented, yellow in colour, appeared in terminal raceme, flowers
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funnel shaped produced in the month of March to June. It is suitable for training on arches and
pergola. Propagated by layering.
2. Antigonon leptopus CN: Snow/Island creeper/Coral vine
FY: Polygoniaceae
It is a tuberous rooted quick growing climber; stem slender green, leaves ovate, alternate
and flowers on auxillary or terminal raceme, rosy red. It is commonly grown in the garden for the
purpose of screening and produces numerous flowers starting from the hot months till the
beginning of winter. When it is trained on arches or pergola it needs to be cleaned and pruned
after flowering. Propagated by root suckers.
A. leptopus var. Alba: A variety with white flowers and less growth.
A. leptopus var. Aliporensis: Flowers deep red
3. Aristolochia ornithocephala
CN: Bird head flower FY: Aristolochiaceae
It is an extensive climber, flowers pale or purple, solitary and borne on pendules 16-18cm
long, netted and spoted with dark purple, tube purple and upper lip violet with lips 10cm long and
12-13 wide the poutch and tube are often shining purple colour lips.
4. A. elegans
CN: Calico flower
It is a slender stem, leaves reniform, cordate, flowers solitary long stalked, the tube yellow
green 3.5cm long, the limb cordate circular 7.5cm diameter, purple and white blotched, white on
the exterior with yellow eye. It is a small flowering species, an ideal light climber and grows freely
from seeds. Courios poutch shaped flowers are abundantly produced during the hot month.
Unpleasant odour is absent in this species.
5. A. grandiflora
CN: Swan flower
A shrubby climber, leaves alternate, heart shaped, flowers solitary, the flower bud
resembles the head of a pelican. The posterior wall of the tube expands in to hood which is pressed
back upon the bulb. The flowers appear on strong growth in October-November and weak shoots
may be removed.
6. Artabotrys odoratissimus
CN: Manorangan
FY: Annonacae
It is a large woody climber or half scandent shrub, leaves alternate, oblong, lanciolate,
leathery, dark green upper surface, flowers solitary, greenish to yellow very fragrant, petals flat
lanciolate, peduncles often hard and hooked. It is propagated by cutting and layering.
7. Clematis paniculata
FY: Ranunculaceae
A vigorous deciduous climber, leaves opposite, compound, leaflets 3-5, flowers white
fragrant in auxillary or terminal panicles about 7.6cm long. Propagated by layering. It is ideal for
small gardens and low walls or for wire nettings.
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8. Clerodendron splendens
59
FY: Verbenaceae
It is vigorous evergreen climber, leaves simple, flowers scarlet in terminal or auxillary
corymbose clusters about 12-18cm across. Flowers produced during winter and also useful for
screening. Heavy pruning should be done in the rains. Propagation can be done by separation of
root suckers and layering.
9. Clitoria ternatae
CN: Mussel shell climber
FY: Leguminoseae
A twining climber, leaves pinnately compound, alternate, leaflets 5 to 7, flowers solitary
blue about 3cm with beautiful marking and yellowish inside. Though it is a perennial it can be
propagated by seeds annually and flowering starts in 2 months from the date of planting.
10. Hiptage bengalensis
CN: Madhabilata
FY: Malpighiaceae
It is a evergreen climbing shrub, stem woody, leaves, opposite, flowers white on terminal or
auxillary panicles, terminal ones are larger than auxiliary panicles, petals 5, silky outside, 4 equal in
size white in colour, fifth one smaller pale yellow, flowers appear in February.
11. Homskioldia sanguinea CN: Cup and Saucer plant/
Chinese Hat
FY: Verbianceae
It is a straggling shrub, leaves opposite, dark green above and pale beneath. Flowers
produced in terminal or auxiliary raceme or panicle. Calyx gamosepalus bell shaped about 1.8cm
diameter, reddish or orange in colour. Corolla tubular, fruit drupe. It has untidy growth, the
flowers produced in large numbers in winter and plant should be done closely after flowering.
Propagation by layering and cutting. It is suitable for creating standards and for shrubbery.
12. Ipomoea palmata
CN: Railway creeper
FY: Convolvulaceae
It is a perennial climber, leaves cordate, flowers purple 5-6 cm across.
13. I. purpurea
CN: Morning Glory
It is also quick growing climber of extensive growth, leaves alternate, flowers blue,
white or purple in colour, funnel shaped appeared in auxiliary peduncles. The flowers
appeared in during winter months. Propagated by seeds and layering.
14. I. tuberosa
CN: Wood Rose
A quick growing climber- leaves palmate type, flowers yellow. The dried flowers are used
for dry flower arrangements. Propagated by seeds. All the species of Ipomia’s are suitable for
training on arches or pergola and also for covering grounds.
15. Jacquemontia violacea
FY: Convolvulaceae
It is handsome light climber, stems slender, leaves alternate, cordate, membranous slightly
pubescent, flowers violet blue, and appeared on cymose cluster. It is light type of blue climber,
very suitable for neat screening in semishade and open condition. It also suitable for covering on
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60
arches and pergola. Flowers produced almost through out the year. The plant should be replaced
once in 3 to 4 year. It is propagated by simple layering and cuttings.
16. Lonicera japonica
CN: Japanese Honey Suckle
Fam: caprifoliaceae
It is a evergreen climber, leaves ovate, flowers borne in auxiliary pairs, white changing to
yellow with age. Both the above species are suitable for training on arches and pergola they are
propagated by seeds and cuttings.
17. Passiflora quadrangularis
CN: Gaint grandiflora
FY: Passifloraceae
It is a strong glabrous climber, leaves simple, flowers solitary, auxillary, sepals greenish
outside, pink inside. Corona 5 ranked with reddish purple and white at the base, blue in the
middle, fruits oblong-ovoid, yellow. Propagation by seeds and layering.
18. Petrea volubilis
CN: Purple Wreath
FY: Verbenaceae
A woody climber with greyish bark, leaves opposite, coriacious dull green above, brighter
green beneath, rough, it gives the sound of sandpaper when it taps. Flowers many on long
drooping raceme, calyx tube very short. It is a shrubby climber and bears long spikes of star
shaped purple blue flowers in the hot months. It grows and flowers best in full sun. Propagation
by layering or cutting.
19. Porana paniculata
FY: Convolvulaceae
A strong shrubby climber, leaves alternate, cordate, pubescent beneath, flowers numerous
on panicles terminating each branch let. Flowers appear in great perfusion in December. The heart
shaped foliage is gray green in colour and tiny funnel shaped scented flowers are massed in sprays.
Flowers produced during summer and in rains. Propagation by cuttings and layering.
20. Pyrestigia venusta
CN: Golden Shower
FY: Bignoniaceae
It is heavy to medium evergreen climber, leaves opposite, compound flowers trumphet
shaped beautifully borne in pairs, bright yellow with deeper yellow lines on the throat. The
climbers produces mass of green leaves and orange flowers. Flowers appears during January and
February. Propagation by seeds and layering. It is suitable for training on arches pergola and
training on pendals.
21. Quisqualis indica
CN: Rangoon Creeper
FY: Combretaceae
It is a larger vigorous rambler, stem green and become light brown with age. Leaves
opposite, oblong, elliptic, hairy on vains. Flowers are terminal the flowers are first white, turn
pink, finally red. It is considered as one of the best rambler, very hardy and quick growing with
numerous branches having pink, white and red flowers appear during the hot months and early
rains. It is propagated by cuttings and layering.
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22. Thunbergia grandiflora “Alba” CN: Heavenly blue/clock vine FY: Acanthaceae
It is a large woody heavy climber, leaves opposite, broadly ovate, rough, flowers axillary
white without scent.
23. Thunbergia grandiflora: Flowers solitary or in short racemes, whitish, lower half
shading into the blue lobes, yellow inside.
24. Thunbergia mysorensis: It is a heavy climber with long slender branches, leaves
opposite, elliptic and lanciolate, flowers borne on long pendulous yellow raceme.
All the species of Thunbergia’s need strong support like pergola’s or pendals. The hanging
sprays of flowers are generously produced from March throughout the rains. They are propagated
by seeds and layering.
25. Tristellateia australasiae
FY: Malpighiaceae
It is a very beautiful evergreen climber with prominent lanticel. Leaves opposite ovate,
flowers in terminal raceme, flowers star shaped, yellow and filament is red in colour. It grows well
in partial shade flowers produced through out the year.
26. Vernonia elaegnaefolia
FY: Asteraceae
This is a hardy climber, quick growing climber and can be trained to cover the window sills,
terraces, balconies or tops of the glass house and for weeping standards. Leaves small look like a
screen when trained to grown on wire. This climber can withstand to drastic pruning. The flowers
are white and inconspicuous.
27. Wisteria sinensis
FY: Caesalpinaceae
This is a handsome, woody climber of Chinese origin and flowers superficially like the
Indian labrum except that is not in golden yellow. It is best suited for a cold climate especially in
hill stations. Flowers appear in thousands during summer months.
Study Questions:
1. What are climbers? How are different from others?
2. Classify climbers based on growth habit with suitable examples.
3. Differentiate between Heavy and light climbers with examples
4. Mention five scented climbers with scientific name and family
5. What is an annual climber? Give examples.

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Excercise No: 11
62
Date:_____________
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL TREES
Judicious planting of trees contributes much to the beauty, variety and enjoyable
features of the garden and makes a garden pleasing ground trees also provide shade & shelter,
which makes the summer cool and pleasant. They are appreciated either for their flowers in
wide range of color or for attractive green foliage. Some trees produce big leaves and flowers,
which purifies the air. Apart from beautifying any garden trees also have economic value like
fuel, fodder, fruits, Essential oil, etc.
Trees are broadly classified in to two types
1. Foliage trees
2. Flowering trees
In India most of the trees flower during the month of Feb-June and some trees during
Aug-Sep, and very few trees throughout the year. Selection of flowering trees and plating in
the garden should be done in such a way that one or the other trees sp is flowering
continuously, which is referred as ‘Flower paradise’. Usually trees are planted in a pit size of
1m3, with topsoil, compost and red earth ir 2:1:1 proportion.
Uses of trees:
1. Beautification 2. Shade purpose 3. Erosion prevention 4. Pollution control
1. Acacia auriculiformis
FY: Leguminosae
CN: Golden Shower
Origin: Australia
A medium sized thorn less evergreen tree, valid for a forestation and beautification. The
apparent leaves are modified into sickle shaped midrib called phyllode. Flowers are yellow
scented appear in the end of the branches. It is easily propagated by seeds, come to flowering
on the third year after planning. The profuse flowering occurs during September-October but
occasional flowers also occur during March to December. It is suitable for roadside and group
planting. It is also suitable for countryside planting for the purpose of obtaining fire
wood/Paper Industry.
2. Anthocephalus indicus
FY: Rubiaceae
CN: Kadamba tree
It is a deciduous tree having perfect straight trunk, fairly smooth bark, flowers
numerous, scented, borne on flower heads. The plants are propagated from seed, medium tree,
10-15m tall leaves are bipinnate, flowers minute, yellowish and scented borne beautiful tree is
admired primarily for its golden ball of flowers with delicate scent and secondarily for its
mythological connections with Lord Krishna. It is propagated by seeds. It is often planted near
houses and on road sides as shade tree.
3. Adenanthera pavonina
FY: Mimosaceae
CN: Red Sandal wood tree
Origin: China, America
It is a medium large tree, 10-15m tall, leaves bipinnate, flowers minute, yellowish and
scented borne on spikes. The tree requiring moist climate to thrive. It is propagated from seeds
which do not germinate easily unless kept in moist for some days before sowing. It is
recommended for large gardens, roadside planting. Flowers appear by the end of March and
April and also appear often in September and October.
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4. Albizzia lebbeck FY: Leguminosae CN: Parrot tree Origin: Asia and Africa
This is quick growing tall tree having pinnate leaves of light green colour. Flowering
occurs in April-May. The flowers are pale greenish yellow in colour and mildly fragrant. Pods
are yellow colour hangs on tree for long time. It is easily propagated by seeds.
5. A. procera
FY: Leguminosae
Origin:India-Malayan region
CN: Whiter Siris
Women’s tougue Tree
Procera means in Latin “tall”. Trunk is tall and bark colour is greenish yellow white.
Leaves are bipinnate and light green in colour. Flowers are produced in July – August in
clusters which are greenish white, it is propagated by seeds. It is suitable for planting along
road side, grouping and as a specimen tree for large gardens for shade purpose.
6. Alstonia scholaris
FY: Apocynaceae
CN:
Origin:India-Malaya region
Devils
tree
It shows growing tree, leaves are shiny green and flowers are produced in July-August
in clusters which are greenish white in colour. The wood is used for making frames for black
boards. It is propagated through seeds and suitable for road side.
7. Amherstia nobilis
FY: Caesalpiniaceae
CN: Tree of Heaven
Origin: Burma
It is considered as one of the beautiful flowering tree, medium sized, evergreen, height
8-12m. Flowers are produced in long pendant candelabrum like clusters arising from axils of
leaves hang from all parts of the tree. The petals are brilliant red in colour appear during
February to April. This tree is suitable for small and medium gardens and as a specimen tree in
big lawn. It is propagated by seed.
8. Anthrocephalus indica
FY: Rubiaceae
CN: Kadamba tree
It is a deciduous tree having perfect straight trunk, fairly smooth bark, flowers
numerous, scented, borne on flower heads. The plants are propagated from seeds. This
beautiful tree is admired primarily for its golden ball of flowers with delicate scent and
secondarily for its mythological connections with Lord Krishna. It is propagated by seeds. It is
often planted near houses and on road sides as shade tree.
9. Arucaria
FY: Arucariaceae
Origin: China, America
A genus of 12 species of tall evergreen tree native of South
America .All Aucaria species grow well in tropical climate, propagated by seeds,
cuttings and layering. During early stages the plants my be used for pot culture later
planted in the lawn as a specimen plants in the lawn.
A. cookii
CN: Christmas tree
It is a evergreen tree reaches to the height of 60-65m, it is a matter of pride to have this
tree in the gardens. The branches horizontal, well placed on the main trunk and covered with
needle like soft dark green leaves, branches either droop downwards or turns gracefully
upwards.
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A. heterophylla: This pyramidal tree reaches up to 60m in height with erect habit. Branches
grow horizontally, juvenile leaves short pointed.
10. Azadirachta indica
FY: Meliaceae
CN: Neem tree
Origin: Malasia, India
Tree is tall with brown stem, leaves and most of them are native of India.
Flowers are small white appear in the end of April to Mid May months. Propagated by seeds. It
is good tree for avenues, medium and big gardens for shade. The seeds are used for extraction
of oil used in the preparation of insecticides. This tree is considered as sacred tree among
Hindus.
11. Bauhinia
FY: Caesalpinaceae
CN: Camel foot tree
The genus comprises of flowering trees and most of them are native of India. Species
plants of this genus easily identified an account of peculiar leaves which are composed of two
oval shaped leaflets united in the centre. Easily propagated through seeds. Important species
are
1. B. variegata: Flowers are rose coloured variegated with red and yellow which appear in
mid of March.
2. B. alba: It bears white flowers
3. B. balkeana: Medium tall, purple flowers in end of December to February, suitable for
specimen and group planting. All species are suitable for roadside planting parks,
railway lines, office compounds. It is propagated by seeds.
12. Bombax ceiba
FY: Bombaceae
CN: Red silk cotton tree
A large deciduous tree (25-30m). It is considered as sacred tree and is associated with
goddess Kali. Trunk has spines. Leaves are compound; flowers are large bright red or
yellowish red in colour which appear in mid of March. Fruit contains silky cotton used for
making pillows and cushion. It is propagated through seeds. It is suitable for large parks and
national highways. Other species are
B. ellipticum (Shaving brush tree)
B. ellipticum “Album: (White shaving brush tree)
13. Brassaia actinophylla
FY: Araliaceae
CN: Umbrella tree
An erect growing, evergreen with beautiful foliage. Height 8-10m, leaves are arranged
at the top of branches like umbrella. Leaves doegitate, flowers arised on terminal spikes
measuring 40-50cm long. It grows well under smashed and full sun light. The tree can be
propagated from seeds and any size of cuttings up to 2m long. It can be grown as a pot plant
for indoor at early stages of growth and also suitable for planting in small medium gardens and
large gardens.
14. Brownea coccinea FY: Caesalpiniaceae
Origin: India
CN: West Indian mountain tree
It is grown in the garden for its exquisite beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a small
evergreen tree with compact growth habit with dense and spreading and drooping habit of
growth foliage. Flowers scarlet in colour. The tree takes 10-12 years to come to flowering. It is
commonly propagated by layering and seeds. Flowers appear in February-March. It is very
much suitable for medium and large gardens.
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15. Butea monosperma
FY: Fabaceae
28. Callistemon citrinus
FY: Myrataceae
65
CN: Flame of the forest
Origin: India
A medium sized deciduous tree, grows to the height of 10-12m bark is thick,
fibrous and light brown in colour, leaves trifoliate, flowers large, measures 50cm long receme.
Flowers colour may be orange, orange scarlet, gray silky, pods 10-15cm long. Flowers start in
January and continue for about one month and seeds will ripen in April. The trees is suitable
for planting along medium sized roads, mid part of the road and group planting to create mass
effect. The tree is frost hardy, resistant to drought.
CN: Bottle brush
Origin:
Australia
It is a medium sized tree and it is named as bottle brush an account of appearance of red
colour flowers at the end of branches, which resembles brush used for cleaning bottles. Leaves
are linear, lanciolate, flowers bright red in colour appeared during March to middle of April. Its
drooping branches are the symbol of welcome in gardens. It is very much suitable for planting
in front of home gardens, medium and big sized public and private gardens. It is planted as a
specimen plant in big lawns. It is propagated by air layering and also through seeds.
29. CASSIA
FY: Caesalpiniaceae
It is a large genus comprising of about 400 species of herbs, shrubs. About 15
species are native to India.
30. Cassia fistula
CN: Golden shower
Indian laburnum
Origin: India
Leaves are pinnate and leaflets are larger than other species. Flower colour is deep to
light yellow arranged in long drooping ruches appear during May in leafless condition. It is
excellent for avenues, group planting, specimen plant in the big lawn etc. It is propagated
through seeds.
31. C. nodosa
CN: Pink shower
Origin: Indo Malayan region
This tree shed leaves during April and May and it is clothed with pinkish white flowers.
Flowers continue up to July.
32. C. javanica
CN: Java cassia
Origin: Jawa
It is medium tree, leaves shed during April-May. Flowers start from middle of May
which continue up to January. It is easily propagated through seeds.
33. C. siamea
F:Leguminosae
CN: Kassod tree
It is evergreen tree, leaves are compound, yellow flowers appear during July and
continue up to January. It is easily propagated through seeds.
34. C. renigera: Flowers scented pink turning to white with age, appearing in April-May.
35. C. spectablis: It is evergreen tree with spreading crown, leaves pinnate, pointed in
nature. Flowers golden yellow in colour appear during
36. C. multigera: Flowers yellow, appearing from September to October.
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37. C. grandis
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CN: Pink shower
Flowers are numerous, appear from February to April and look bright pale pink when
grown in sun and yellowish in shade.
Hybrid Cassias
38. C. hybrida: Flowers small, light pink changing to almost white with age.
39. C. lancasterii: Flowers are larger than all pink and red cassias, deep red changing to
pink, appear in June-July.
All species of cassias are useful for road side planting, large gardens, specimen plant in the big
lawn and also for group planting. All the species of cassias are propagated by seeds.
40. Causariana equisetifolia
FY: Causarianiaceae
Origin: Australia
A tall straight stemed tree reaching a height of 30m or more with rough bark and
spreading branches. It produces male and female flowers separately in branches. Easily
propagated by seeds. It produces naked seeds (seeds without cover), therefore seeds should be
covered with bags before dehiscence occurs. It is suitable for planting as hedge, for creating
topiary in the garden.
41. Ceiba pentandra
FY: Bombaceae
CN: White cotton tree
It is planted in large gardens for its beautiful white flowers. Leaves are degitate, leaflets
are 5-8, flowers creamy white or light pink, flowers occur during January to March. It is readily
propagated by seeds.
42. Couroupita guianensis
FY: Lecythidaceae
Origin: Trinidad
CN: Cannon ball tree/
Nagalinga pushpa
It is soft wooded tall tree with rough brownish bark, flowers arising from the trunk and
lower part of their branches. The peculiarity of the flower lies in the curious arrangement of
stamens which are numerous, divided into two sets. The infertile ones set around the pistil and
fertile ones united to form a serpents hoot like structure over the pistil. The tree is propagated
from the seeds which should be sown fresh. The flowers are sweet smelling produced during
warm season and fruits required nearly a year to mature. The tree is suitable for planting in
large gardens and religious places like Hindu temples.
43. Cupressus sempervirans
FY: Cupressaceae
It is foliage coniferous tree grown to the height of 20-30m trunk erect with gray bark,
leaves scale like, flowers unisexual, minute on short branches. Important species are
44. C. sempervirans “horizontals”: Horizontal habit of growth.
45. C. sempervirans “Pyramidal”: Pyramid shaped growth.
All species are suitable for all types of ornamental gardens creating shade, hedge and
also topiary. They are mainly propagated by cuttings, air layering and seeds.
46. Delonix regia
FY: Caesalpiniaceae
CN: Gulmohar/May flower
Origin: Madagascar
It is large sized fast growing tree spreading and farm like a umbrella. Leaves are
compound, flowers are orange red, scarlet to salmon colour produced in May-June. Easily
propagated through seeds. It is ideal for medium to large parks avenues, group planting and
small seedlings may be used for training bonsai. It is shallow rooted tree susceptible to high
wind damages.
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47. FICUS
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FY: Moraceae
It is large genus of woody plants and trees, with nearly 600 species grown in tropical
and subtropical climate. This is interesting genus where adventitious roots are freely form.
48. Ficus bengalensis
CN: Banyan tree
Origin: India (West Bengal)
It is a very large deciduous tree, height 30m, spreading type, sending numerous roots
aerial roots which become thick and trunk like after touching the ground. Leaves glabrous, it
produces red colour small fruits which attracts birds in the garden. The tree is also sacred
according to Hindu mythology and worshipped especially by ladies for getting child, being a
symbol of fertility. It is a very huge tree for shade. It can be planted in big gardens and wide
roads as avenue tree for shade.
49. F. religiosa
CN: Pipal tree
Origin: India
Leaves are cordate, shiny, initially they red later turn to green. It is used for creating
mobility in the garden.
50. F. krishnae
Origin:India
CN: Krishna butter cup
The name is due to its peculiar modification of leaves that leaves giving the shape of cup
and they are folded like cows ear. It also associated with Lord Krishna.
51. F. elastica
Origin: Trophical Asia
CN: Rubber tree
It is tall tree, leaves are large, deep green and shining and growing tip is covered with
red colour. Some variegated species are also available. It is propagated by air layering, seeds
and tissue culture.
Important species are; F. elastica “Variegata” & F. elastica “Black beauty” etc.
All the species are growing in the garden for their beautiful foliage and also for shade.
52. Grevilia robusta
FY: Proteaceae
CN: Silver oak
Origin: Australia
It is upright, quick growing tall tree producing columinar shape of growth, bark brown
rough, leaves are pinnately divided, green above the silver beneath. It is propagated by seeds
which are collected during July sown immediately thereafter. It is good for boundary hedge
and roadside.
53. Jacaranda mimosaefolia
FY: Bignoniaceae
CN: Blue/Nili gulmohar
Origin: Brazil
It is a medium, quick growing, winter deciduous tree. Leaves are compound and
leaflets are small and acute apex. Flowers are trumpet shaped, and blue in colour which
appears in first fortnight of April. Easily propagated through seeds. It is ideally suitable for
group planting and as avenues.
54. Kigelia pinnata
FY: Bignoniaceae CN:Tree cucumber (Sausage tree)
Origin: T. America
It is tall evergreen tree, leaves compound, rough, leaflets large and rough, flowers are
big trumpet shaped of crimson colour which appear in May-June. Fruits long, cucumber like
hanging singy of few on cord like long stakes. This tree is propagated through seeds. Flowers
open during night and fall before noon. It is good avenue tree.
55. Legerstroemia speciosa Syn. L. flosreginae
FY: Lythraceae
CN: Pride of India/Queen of flowers
It is a medium tree with light green smooth bark, leaves are large, elliptic, which are
shed in the month of April. Flowers are mauve purple or mauve pink appear in the middle of
April and continue up to August.
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56. L. thorelli: A dwarf and bushy tree producing purple flowers in the month of May to
August.
57. L. parviflora: medium tree, produces white coloured flowers in May-June.
58. Pongamia pinnata
FY: Fabaceae CN: Pongiamia tree
Origin: Berma, Srilanka
It is medium tree, having spreading habit, leaves are compound and leaflets are round
and shiny green. Foliage densely covered, flowers are purple colour and produced in May. It is
planted for shade in the medium and big garden, suitable for avenues. It is propagated through
seeds.
59. Revinella madagascarioensis
FY: Musaceae
Origin: South Africa
Trunk of this tree appears like a palm, hard and marks of leaf bases. It grows 6-8m high
under favourable environment. Leaves close set 2-2.5m long in two opposite ranks near the top
giving climate rich in humors. Flowers occur towards the end of the rainy season. It is
propagated through suckers and seeds.
60. Peltophorum ferrugineum
FY:
Leguminosae
CN: Copper pod tree
It is partly deciduous tree, with gray bark, handsome foliage, reaching up to 20m height
leaves are compound, bipinnate, flowers appear on 15-20cm long terminal panicles. Flowers are
yellow in colour. Copper colour pods turning to almost black colour on maturity. It is easily
multiplied through seeds. In January, tree will become leafless, new leaves appear in spring
along with flowers. It flowers twice profusely in March-June and less which appear in AprilJune. Easily propagated through root suckers and from seeds. It is suitable for boundary
planting and roadside planting.
61. Pinus longifolia
Syn. P. pterocarpum
FY: Pinaceae
CN: Pine tree
Origin: Himalayan region
It is a large subtropical tree, 20m or more tall, evergreen, round topped symmetrical
head. Leaves slender, needle like, set in tufts near the terminal parts of the twigs. Male flowers
consists of innumerable minute stamens collected in a catkins, white female flowers consists of
innumerable large cones of woody scales.
The pine tree prefers temperature between 10-25oC and a well drained porous soil rich
in humus. It is propagated from seeds. They are planted as a specimen tree in the centre of big
lawn or open space. It is propagated by seeds and basal suckers.
62. Samanea saman
(Shade tree)
FY: Mimosaceae
CN: Rain tree
Origin: T. America
It is very large flat topped tree of green spread, reaching 20-25m in height or more in
diameter, leaves bipinnate, flowers produced in auxiliary or terminal bulbous head, corolla
yellowish, stamens pink, fruit is pod. This tree is very good for large wide roads and highways
and also for big parks for shade. It is propagated by seeds.
63. Saraca ashoka
FY: Caesalpiniaceae
CN: Sita ashoka
Origin: Srilanka
The genus includes six species of trees. It is associated with goddess Sita who was kept
in captivity stayed under this tree in the gardens of King Ravana. It is evergreen tree with
spreading and shiny green leaves, flowers scarlet, Ixora like produced in clusters in the month
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of April. Easily propagated by seeds. This tree is very much suitable for all types of gardens
and near temples. Other species are
S. thaipingenensis (Yellow saraca): It bears yellow flowers
S. declinata (Red saracas): It bears red flowers
64. Spathodea campanulata
CN: Tulip tree(Fountain tree)
Origin: Africa
It is a tall tree, leaves are dark green, compound, elliptical in shape, flowers bell shaped,
scarlet red in colour appear in April under leafless condition and less during September. It is
propagated by seeds. It is very good tree for avenue planting.
65. Swietenia mahagoni
FY: Bignoniaceae
FY: Meliaceae
CN: Mahogani tree
Origin: T. America
Leaves are compound and leaflets are dark green, fruits are large, club shaped capsule.
It is suitable for road side planting and also grown for valuable timbers.
66. Tabebuia argentea
Fy:Bignoniaceae
CN: Golden bell
It is one of the best yellow flowering tree, trunk and bark is corky grayish. Leaves are
divided into 8-7 narrow leaflets, flowers appear in leafless condition during January-February.
67. T. avellanedae: Flowers reddish mauve, funnel shaped arise in clusters under leafless
condition. Flowers produced in January-February.
68. T.Chrysotricha: Dwarf tree, 5-6m tall flowers trumpet shaped, bright yellow formed
in clusters. Flowers appear during February-March.
69. T. rosea: It bears rose coloured flowers.
70. T. pallida: Flowers are funnel shaped, light pink, yellow inside. Large number of
flowers appears during March-May.
Most of the Tabubia species are propagated by seeds, suitable for group planting, avenues,
specimen plant in the lawn etc. They are often damaged by high winds or uprooted by cyclonic
weather due to shallow roots.
71. Tamarindes indica
FY: Caesalpinaceae
CN: Tamarind tree
Origin: T. Africa
It is large deciduous tree, reaching 20-25m height, leaves alternate, paripinnate up to
12cm long, flowers produced in auxillary racemes. It requires tropical climate, grows best in
dry and moist condition, propagated easily from seeds and air layering. The trees change its
leaf colour in March-April, flowering starts in May and continue up to August. It is very hardy
avenue tree in wide roads and highways.
72. Terminalia
FY: Combretacea
This genus consisting about 100 species of large trees of which about 12 are found in
India.
73. T. arjuna
CN:
Arjun
tree
It is an evergreen tree, making columinar growth, bark is whitish or pinkish gray, leaves
are opposite and oblong which are shed in March-April and again appear in the month of May.
Flowers are yellow appear in May, continue up to July. It is propagated through seeds.
T. belerica: It is suitable for roadside planting and fruits are used for medicinal purpose in
ayurvedic system.
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74. T. catappa
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CN: Indian almond
It is a tall tree with columnar habit of growth, bark is grayish brown, leaves are small,
rough. White flowers appear in May. It is propagated through seeds, suitable for avenue and
shade tree in the garden.
Study questions
1.
List the flowering trees according to their flowering season starting from January and up to
December.
2. Define:
a. Raceme
b. Umbel c. Phyllode
d. Corymb
3. List the coniferous trees suitable for planting for topiary and hedges in the garden.
4. Why shallow rooted trees are not suitable for planting for avenues. Give examples.
5. Differentiate between tree and shrub
6. List out uses of trees?
7. What is flower paradise? How it can be planned?
8. Mentionthree tree species with attractive ornamental foliage
9. Mention trees species without any leaves during flowering.
10. Mention five economical avenue trees species
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Experiment No: 12
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Date: _________________
STUDY OF PALMS, CYCADS, CACTI, SUCCULENTS, FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS
The palms are branched, cylindrical with straight trunk and spirally arranged leaves.
The palm plants are Areca, Coconut, Date palms, and oil palm, Palmyra palm, Toddy Palm etc.
that belong to the family Palmaceae. The palms are largely found in tropics, they are straight,
un-branched, cylindrical, columnar trunk, at the end of which there is a spreading canopy of
huge pinnate or digitize leaves. Thus distinguish it from other group of plant of vegetation
(crown). Therefore the great botanist Linneus called them as prince of vegetable kingdom.
Uses of Palms:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
For decorating entrance of house, veranda, Stair cases
Excellent for Avenue planting
Ex: Coconut, Bottle or Royal Palm
Useful as potted plant for decoration purpose.
Economic uses like fruits for edible purpose
Leaves for thatching, brooms, baskets, fibers, ropes mats.
Propagation: All most all palms are propagated by seeds and in some cases offsets in separation
of branching palm.
Classification:- Based on form and size of leaves they are classified into
1. Feather leafed palms
2. Fan leafed palms
1.Feather leafed palms: Ex: Coconut, Arecanut;
A.Catechu, A. triandra.; Date palm-Phoenix
dactylifera; Toddy Palm-P.sylverstris;
Oil palm-Elais guinensis; Royal palm, Fish tail palm
2.Fan leafed palms : Ex: Palmyrah palm, Chinese fan palm, Windmill palm, traveler’s palm
Cycads: Cycads resemble the palms and they are branching. Cycads are found in temperate
countries and palms are found in tropical countries. Cycads are referred to as living fossils.
Their growth rate is very slow i.e. they get one leaf per year. They belong to family Cycadaceae.
They are coniferous and they live for thousands of years. Being coniferous they posses cones.
A 25-year-old plant will bear small plant on its trunk. They are slow growing with small
canopy. They wont drop leaves. These are of temperate region, only two species are grown in
the tropics. Most of them coniferous, look like palms but they do not have any botanical
relationship with the palms. Cycades are woody stemmed plants with columnar stem, leaves
are feather shaped, pinnately compound, arranged spirally, arises from a short ground level
trunk.
Ex : Cycas revoulata
Study Questions:
1. Differentiate between palms and Cycads with examples.
2. Mention propagation methods in Cycads and palms with examples.
3. Give two examples each for Fan leafed and feather leafed palms.
4. Mention two examples of palms for avenue planting
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CACTI AND SUCCULENTS
Cactus is the name of the genus but this has become common name for all the plants
belonging to this family, Cactaceae. Botanical each plant in cactaceae must poses following
characters.
1. Presence of areols (pin cushions) and Glochites (cushion with hairs)
2. They are perennial in nature
3. Fruit is called berry
4. They belongs to dicotyledonous group
5. Flower petals arise from the top of the ovary i.e. epigynous
Beside this plants of cacti group are leafless except in the genus pereskia (Euphorbea).
They are with only vestegious leaves, which are not visible to naked eyes. No other plant in
plant kingdom has such variation in size, shape and colour of the areols & thorns. The beauty
of cacti lies in producing bigger sized colourful flowers vary from white to pink, purple, yellow,
crimson, violet, & combinations of various colors with spots or streaks. In their natural habits
cacti are adapted to severe drought, so in cultivation also they should be provided with sunny
situation. When they are grown under shade, they become lanky and do not flower.
Media: Though they are hardy and easy to cultivate, success depends on use of correct type of
media. They posses very few underground roots, small in length, limiting quick uptake of
moisture. So it is very essential to provide water at frequent intervals and also use of porous
media to drain out excess water.
Composition of media:- One part sandy loam soil, one part well rotten compost, one part leaf
mold, 1 part rough sand, few small stones and brick pieces.
Containers: Earthen pots are best and correct sized pots based on growth habit is to be selected
as over sized pots will hold more moist, which is harmful for the cacti growing in the pot.
Staking:- Some of the columnar type needs staking with either bamboo sticks or rods.
Propagation: By cutting of sets and grafting.
Example of important Genera of Cactaceae family are
Mammilaria, Opuntia, Ectinocactus, Ferocatus, Clestocactus, Euphoria, Astrocactus (Spineless
cactus) etc.
Succulent:- The term succulent is used with reference to certain specialized forms of plant type
which store moisture in the foliage or stem and root, which enable them to pass through period
of droughts. Morphologically all cacti are succulents but all succulents are not cacti. They
posses shallow root system, which help them to collect dews falling in night. Leaves are fleshy
with plenty of water holding tissue and also reduced in size with thick epidermis and huge
stomata. In some cases, leaves will be coated with whitish wax and are coverec, by hairs to
reduce transpiration. & to save water for plants Cacti differ from succulents as they posse
spines.
Examples:
Cactaceae - Epiphylum oxypetallum, Ectinocactus, Opuntia, Mammillaria
Ameryllidaceae - Agave
Lilliaceae -Yucca, Aloe
Crassulaceae - Crassula, Bryophyllum, Sedum,
Euphorbiaceae - Euphorbea splendens
Bromiliaceae - Pineapple
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Cultivation:- These are native of arid region and can be grown in all regions of India. As the
general rules they require fresh air, plenty of sunlight pours media dry temperature for their
better growth.
Media: 1 Part of mold, 2 parts sand, 1 part FYM, 1 part garden soil and Few brick pieces.
Watering: They require regular watering but heavy watering at longer interval leads to
retention of water at bases leading to decaying. Best time of watering is when the topsoil is
completely dried.
FERNS AND SELAGINELLAS
Ferns are very extensive family of plants comprising several general and thousands of
species. These are remarkable for the beauty of gracefulness of their foliage. There is a
wonderful variation is size, habit and appearance of the species.
Habitats or Types of Ferns:1. Terrestrial
2. Epiphytic
3. Aquatic
Uses of Ferns:
1. Grown in pots or generally used in indoor decoration
2. Used as filler plants in a group of flowering plants.
3. The fronds are mixed with cut flower in bouquet preparation & vases.
4. Grown in hanging baskets for hanging them in corridor or veranda.
Fernery is a place where large quantity, or ferns are collected and maintained. Habit is
usually found in hills where there is lot of moisture or running water with shady spots. They
require very light, pours organic matter rich media with good quantity of lime in it.
Propagation is generally by means of their spores. They are minute seed like bodies produced
in spore cases called as sporangium, which are lined in clusters or in lines underneath the leaves
or at the margins and very rarely on the whole leaf area. The spore arrangement in different
genera and species varies, which forms the base for identification and classification.
Important Genera in Ferns:Adiantum: Polypodiaceae:- Commonly known as maiden hair fern. Leaves of this fern usually
look polished green with purplish black stem . The fronds or leaves can not be wetted even by
dipping in water and hence the name adiantum ie unwetted.
Adiantum capillus (maiden fair fern)
A. lunulatum (eagle foot ferm)
1. Alsopila: Family:- Cyatheaceae:- These are known as tree fern or group fern, they have
on erect tall stem or trunk resembling a tree. The leaves are large and born from the
trunk and farming a palm like crown at the apex.
Ex: Alsophila cooper & A.glauca
2. Alsopenium:-Family: Polypodiaceae: Bird’s nest fern they have long, brage, shiny green
leaves farming a cup like structure, in the middle of the plant and hence the name. it is a
very imp decorative plant for growing in large tubs
Ex: Asplenium nidus-Bird’s nest fern.
A. Bulbiferum
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3. Nephrolepsis: Fam: Polypodiaceae sword ladder fern it inlcudes many hardy tropical
ferns and are suitable for growing in pots or hanging baskets. These can be easily
distinguished by looking at slender runners freely from older stems.
Ex: Neprolepris goldiana
N Cardifolia, Nar duffie
1. Platyecerium:- Family: Polypodiaceae, staghorn fern these are very attractive and
epiphytic in nature, plants are divided at maturity, margins looks like horns of the stag
and hence the name.
Ex: Platyecerium bifurcatum , P. grande.
2. Flowering ferns: in this case fronds are modified to flower like structure.
Ex: Animia rotundifolia
Asperagus destifolia
Selaginella: Family : Selaginellaceae: commonly referred to as club moss
These are tropical plants with similar or close resembles to ferns like foliage with creeping
leaves and variegated foliage. These are also called as creeping moss. These are shade loving
plants and grown like ferns. The fern like foliage is much branched and very ornamental, the
colour is green and in some plant it is bronze or bluish and propagated by cuttings.
Ex: Selaginella desticulata, Selaginella emmeliana, Selaginella Canaliculata
Study Question:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the characteristics of cacti?
Briefly explain cultivation practices of cacti.
How are cacti are propagated?
In what way succulents are different from cacti?
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Excercise No.: 13
75
Date:________________
STUDY AND IDENTIFICATION OF INDOOR PLANTS
It is the art of growing plants under shade conditions and their display in living rooms
at appropriate places is known as indoor gardening. It is cheaper to decorate interiors of the
house with live plants compare to flowers and also they have to be replaced frequently but a
well chosen house plant can decorate a room for many days.
Selection of indoors plants:
Growth Characters:1. Compact growing plants of both flowering and foliage types can be selected for indorse
gardening but foliage plants are preferred as they provide permanent display with their
graceful foliage and also some times with their unusual leaf shapes.
2. While selecting the houseplant it is better to know their capacity to tolerate varied
degrees of light, tamp and humidity.
3. They should remain evergreen to retain their permanent decorative character.
4. As for as possible plants with compact growth habit should be selected as the space is
main constraint in any house.
1) Aehmea sps.
It is a handsome indoor plant, colourful flowers appear in large inflorescence from
crown of the plants. Leaves are ligulate or sward likes margins sometime spiny. It is very good
for potted plant. The plants require moderate shade, propagation by suckers and offsets. Very
light and porous compost consisting of leaf mould, moss, soil and sand will be an ideal medium
for the growth of the plant.
2) Aglaonema sp.
FY: Araceae
The group includes plants having erect habit with long, slender pointed leaves with
depressed lateral veins and corrugated appearance.
A. angustifoliumI: It has dark green and shining leaves
A. costatum has white spotted leaves
A silverking and A. pseudobracteateum are variegated, ornamental and are much prized.
A. communtatum: Leaves oblong, lanciolate, long rounded base, green silvery marking.
All the species grow well in shady place and require rich compost containing potting
mixture.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting, division of suckers.
3) Annanus sp.
FY: Bronieliaceae
It is an herbaceous perennials producing leaves rigid, spiny and in a rosette form.
Varieties with variegated leaves grow as ornamental plants. Light soil, rich in organic matter
favors the growth of this plant.
4) Alocasia
FY: Araceae
These are lovely plants with sagittate-peltate leaves, and bushy growth. There are
several species but common types sold in the market are A. cuprea corrugated
surface and prominent veins.
Propagation: Division of rhizomes and tissue culture.
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5) Anthurium sp.
76
FY: Araceae
It is native of West Indies. This genus comprises more thjan 200 species, which are
valued for ornamental leaves and colourful spathes which are rigid and waxy. Plants are
rhizomatous and can be propagated through division. Important species and varieties are
A. andrianum: Leaves are lond lobed, heart shaped, green in colour and are very long. Spathe is
waxy and red. Other attractive sports are album, giganteum, rubrum.
A. crystallinum: Leaves are large, beautiful, heart shaped and green with contrasting white
veins. Spathe is green and linear.
Other foliage types are
A. crystallinum, A, digitatum, A. veitchi, A. magnificum etc.
For cultivation, the compost should be porous consisting of 1 part of soil, 2 part of leaf
mould, 1 part each of well rotted cow manure and lime is recommended.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting, division of suckers.
6) Aphelandra suriantiaca
FY: Acanthaceae
Plants are erect and leaves ovate, smooth, green gray in vein area. Flowers are borne in
bracted spikes of brilliant scarlet-red. Flowers and orange in throat.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodel cutting, division of suckers, division of rhizomes.
7) Aspidistra elator
FY: Liliaceae
It has a rhizomatous stem, leaves oblong, lanciolate, leathery and dark green in colour.
A. elator var. Variegata: It has decorative foliage, striped and banded green and white in varied
width.
Both the species are hardy shade loving plants thrive well under well drained soil.
Propagation: Division of rhizomatous stem with leaf.
8) Asparagus
FY: Liliaceae
It is another common plant grown in pots for ornamental foliage. Asparagus are
tuberous rooted. Important species are
A. densiflorus cv. Sprengeri: It has profuse branches which are soft to touch.
A. densiflorus ‘Myers’: It is showy plant dense with stiffly erect, plume like branches, dense
needle like ‘foliage’ is rich green.
A. setaceus syn. A. plumosus: It is commonly called as ‘Fern Asperagus’. Plants have thin wiry
stem and fern like rich green fronds.
Propagation: Tip cutting, division of suckers and of rhizomes.
9) Begonia rex
FY: Begoniaceae
Rex Begonias are grown for the beautiful foliage and prefer a moist atmosphere and
shady situation. Direct sun burns the leaves and wet soil cause rotting of the rhizome. The soil
for such plants should be very porous and consists of 2 part of leaf mould 1 part each of soil and
sand.
Propagation: Division, leaf vain cutting, leaf petiole cutting.
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10) Chlorophytum comosun ‘variegatam’
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FY: Liliaceae
It is commonly called as ‘Ribbon plant’ and is native of tropical Africa. It has large
rosettes of arching, green, linear leaves having white margins. Long racemes appear from the
center with first flower, then develop tufts, of leaves with aerial roots.
Propagation: Tip cutting, division of rhizomes etc.
11) Caladium hortulanum
FY: Araceae
It is native of tropical America and is tuberous herb. Leaves are larger pellet heart
shaped and mostly beautifully marked in many colors and patterns. The corms remain
dormant in winter and sprouting starts in early summer. In summer months the plants require
shade but in the monsoon they should be exposed to more light in order to form a well shaped
plant and prominent colour. There are numerous varieties, the important of which are
Ace of Heart, Bleeding Heart, Cinderella, Fire Chief, June Bride, Key Stone, Pink Beauty, Red
Ace, Red Polka, Red Frill, Tom Thumb.
Propagation: Corms and division.
12) Calathea sp.
FY: Marantaceae
It is native of tropical America. The plants resemble Maranta. Plants are small and are
prized for their attractive foliage.
Important species are C. zebrine, C. magnifica, C. mediopicta, C. insignis, C. metallica, C. picturata
etc.
Propagation: Division of clumps.
13) Coleus blumei
FY: Labiatae
It is another beautiful foliage plant, which makes a garden in itself. These are prized for
their richly coloured leaves of different sizes in different patterns. The plants can be easily
propagated by seeds or terminal cuttings. There are several varieties, which are grouped as
follows.
Light centered: Varieties with cream, yellow, light pink or any other pale shade in the center of
leaf but having a wider green margin.
Bright Centered: Leaves are bright red with coppery center and have wider green margin.
Fringed: The margins of leaves are fringed or deeply indented, with variable colours.
Mammoth: Varieties with large leaves (15-25cm long and ½ cm wide) variable colours and
often refluxed foliage. Irregular leaves are small having a longer petiole and twisted.
Basket: Plants have prostrate growth and leaves and very small green with brown or red
colours.
Narrow Leaved: Leaves are shorter about 2.5cm wide, irregular and deeply indented. Speckled
varieties with a green ground or pale shade of any other colour speckled, splashed or blotched
with a darker shade usually brown or red. Important varieties are – Rainbow, Red and Sunset,
The Chief, Pyreness Gold, Majesty, Frilled Fantasy, Christmas Cheer etc.
Propagation: Tip cutting, soft wood cutting and seeds.
14) Cordyline sp.
FY: Liliaceae
It is commonly called as Red Dracaena. It has many varieties differing in shades,
intensity of colour, shapes and sizes of leaves. The plants remain colourful in semishade.
Direct exposure to sun causes scorching whereas dense shade results into dull colour. Easily
propagated through cuttings and air layering.
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C. terminalis: Plants are slender growing about 3m high, leaves are leathery, sword shaped and
is of green coppery colour with red shade. Other attractive varieties are C. terminalis ‘bicolour’,
C. terminalis ‘firebank’ and C. terminalis ‘tricolour’.
15) Codiaeum variegatum
CN: Crotons
FY: Euphorbiaceae
It is beautiful tropical shrub, which is valued for its colorful ornamental foliage. Leaves
are thick, leathery and glabrous. Shapes of leaves vary from ovate to linear, entire or lobed, flat
or twisted. Young and emerging leaves are green to yellow and later on colourful changes
according to varietal characteristics. Propagated easily through air layering. Seeds give rise to
new forms. There are numerous varieties.
The important ones are Beautiful Lady, Day Spring, Duke of Windsor, Golden Ring,
Imperials, Indian Headdress, Jungle Queen, King George, Mona Lisa, Sunrise, Show Girls,
Undulatum, Mosaic etc.
Propagation: Tip cutting, air layering and seeds.
16) Curculago capitulate
It looks like a young palm and grows to a large clumps about 90cm high. Leaves large,
lanciolate, green stalks, flowers yellow in dense heads. It grows in partial shade.
Propagation: Division of clumps.
17) Deffenbachia sp.
CN: Dumbcane
FY: Araceae
Diffenbachia consists of very popular and hardy shade loving plants commonly used in
pots for indoor decoration they grow quickly and form well shaped plants an those with
variegated leaves are very attractive. These plants grow well in partial shade. Plants are dwarf,
sturdy and thick stemmed. Leaves are large oblong pointed, glabrous and vary from green to
variegated. Important species are
D. amoena: Leaves are dark green and marked with cream white bends and blotches along
lateral veins.
D. amoena “Tropic Snow”: It is another prized variety for its ornamental foliage. Leaves are
leathery, glossy, deep green, highly variegated from center with cream and nile green.
D. ammoena “Gigantea” is another popular variety. Leaves are broad ovate, smooth fresh green
with irregular creamy-white blotches.
D. maculate, D. costata, D. picta.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting.
18) Dracaena sp.
FY: Liliaceae
Plants are highly valued for their ornamental foliage. Leaves vary from green to
variegated and are lanceolate in shape, which are 30-40cm long. Plants are grown in pots and
are kept in shade and semi-shady situations. Dracaenas are normally unbranched but if tip is
removed or injured it starts branching.
Important species are
D. godseffiana: Plants have spreading, wiry stems and thin leathery and elliptic leave. Leaves are
glossy deep green with irregular yellow spots.
D. sanderiana: Plants are erect with neat growth. Leaves are lanceolate twisted, green and with
white margins.
D. fragrans: It is common species which grown up to 4-5m. Branches are erect. Leaves are large,
oblanceolate and recurved.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting.
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19) Episia
CN: Flame violet
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FY: Gesneriaceae
A few species of this genus are perennial herbs with beautiful foliage, require a moist
climate and semishade but are very susceptible to excessive moisture in the soil which causes
rotting. Stolens produce plants at the node which are separated for multiplication.
E. cuperata: This species have a many varieties differing in colour of leaves. The plants are
prostrate and creeping habit and ideal for hanging baskets. The leaves are oval and metallic
coppery marked thick soft hairy in nature.
20) Fiscus elastica
FY: Moraceae
It is commonly called as rubber plant. Though it grows into a large tree, a small plants
in pots are favorite house plants. Leaves are large deep green and shining, the growing tip is
covered with red.
F. elastica var. Decora: It has the mid rib red on the under surface of the young leaves.
F. elastica var. Variegata: It has longer leaves, light green tinged with pink, a wide creamy
margin, when mature the central portion becomes patched with lighter or darker green and
narrow margin of cream.
It is propagated through rooted cutting or air layering. Compost consisting of 2 parts of loamy
soil. 1 part each of leafmould and cow manure, ½ part of sand and table spoonful of bonemeal
is recommended for pot plants.
Ficus benazumina: It is medium evergreen tree and planted for attractive foliage. Branches are
drooping, leaves are shining green. Other species and varieties are
F. benzumia var. Goldiana: Leaves yellow in colour.
F. benzumina var. Nuda: Leaves green and small in size.
F. bensumina var. Golden Ring: Leaves dull green with cream coloured ring in the outer edges.
F. triangularis: Leaves green and triangular in shape.
F. triangularis var. Variegata: Leaves triangular, variegated with yellow colour.
Uses: Potted plants, shrubbery, rock garden and specimen plant in the lawn.
Propagation: Air layering, rotted cuttings.
21) Fittonia sp.
FY: Acanthaceae
Plants are small growing low and foliage is ornamental which is known for their beauty
of network of veins.
F. argyroneura: It is a creeping herb with flat, papery, oval leaves green with white veins.
F. versehaffeltii ‘pearcei’: Leaves are thin-papery with rose-pink veins.
Uses: Indoor plant, suitable for terrariums (Bottle garden).
Propagation: Tip cutting, the plants grow well in porous soil under damp conditions. One part
each of sandy soil and leaf mould will constitute porous compost suitable for fittonia.
22) Graptophyllum pictum
FY: Acanthaceae
It is small shrub with oval pointed leaves, purplish green marked with yellow center
vein and pink stem.
Propagation: Tip cutting.
23) Hedera helix
CN: English Ivy
FY: Araliceae
It is commonly called as “Aglerian Ivy”. Leaves are broadly ovate and shallowly lobed.
H. canariensis ‘variegata’ commonly known as ‘Ghost tree’ is very effective with variegated
leaves.
Propagation: Tip cutting and simple or compound layering. It needs porous well drained
compost for its growth. It is suitable for indoor and semi shade garden.
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24) Haliconia sp.
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FY: Musaceae
The plants are similar to banana and grow for handsome foliage. They grow well in semi
shade and almost all types of soil.
Common species are
H. metallica: It is a slender perennial with long red stalks. Leaves are oblong velvety and lush
green with white midrib.
H. brasiliensis (Lobsters claw): Inflorescence 60cm long 30cm wide, bracts scarlet tipped yellow.
Flowers greenish yellow or red.
Propagation: Division of suckers and rhizomes.
25) Maranta sp.
FY: Marantaceae
It is grown for its ornamental foliage. It is herbaceous dwarf plants and compact growth
habit. Suitable for cultivation under shade or partial shade. Soil should be well drained excess
moisture even for a few days may cause death of the plants.
The common species are
M. bicolor: Plant is slow growing and producing oval leaves. These leaves have chocolate spots
on upper side of leaves and red blotches on lower side. Plants produce tuber and propagation is
done by division of tubers or crown during rainy season.
Other species are M. arundinacea and M. arundinacea ‘variegata’
26) Monstera sp.
FY: Araceae
It is commonly called as ‘carimen’ and is native of tropical America. There are
numerous species but commonly growing species is M. deliciosa. It is a tree climber and
produce aerial roots. Stem is woody and has nodes very closely. Leaves are large, green about
80cm long, pinnately cut and has nodes very closely. Leaves are large, green deliciosa
‘veriegata’ has white spotted leaves.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodel cutting, layering.
27) Pellonia
FY: Utricaceae
It is a creeping herb with showy foliage. It grows in a shady moist situation. Sandy
loam soil suits them and they are propagated by division of cutting. Pellonias are also be
grown in hanging baskets or trail on rocks in a shady rockery or the green house.
28) Peperomea sp.
FY: Piperaceae
It is native of tropical America and is commonly called as ‘pepper face’. It is very good
for dish garden. Leaves are obovate or spatulate, waxy, green, fleshy and light green underside.
These plants are succulent and herbaceous in nature, they grow well under raised ground but
the soil must be porous. Direct sun should always be avoided and humidity maintained
through out the year. The soil should consist of 2 part of garden loam 1 part of leaf mould 1
part well rotted cow dung and 1 part of sand or lime.
P. obtusifolia ‘variegata’ has beautifully obovate, waxy leaves, light green variegated with broad
area of creamy white.
P. clusifolia: Erect habit, thick fleshy leaves, waxy olive green, purplish margin.
P. sandersi: Leaves arise in rosette, petiole red, lamina peltate bright green with silvery bands
between the veins.
Propagation: Stem cutting, leaf petiole cutting in sand or leaf mould.
29) Pilea macrophylla syn. P. musocsa
FY: Urticaceae
It is native of West Indies and is commonly called as ‘Artillery plant’ because it
discharges a cloud of pollen. Plant is small, densely branched with sub-erect fleshy stems.
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Leaves are green, small and oblong. It makes excellent pot plant, suitable for hanging baskets
rockeries in shade. Common species are
P. cadierei: It is commonly called as ‘Aluminum plant’. It is a fast growing plant. Leaves are
thin, opposite, obovate, and margins are toothed. Leaves have attractively shining silver spots
giving them a painted look.
P. microphylla: Leaves ovate, small, dense habit of growth.
Propagation: Tip cutting, soft wood cutting.
30) Phillodendron sp.
FY: Araceae
It is a larger group comprising of about 300 species and their hybrids. It is native of
tropical America. There is a great variation in leaf shape, size, colour. It includes many useful
climbers grown for foliage, however some species have shorter stem and grow as bush with
rosette leaves. Philodendron can grow all types of porous soil. The climbers sends out roots
from the nodes in contact with bark of trees and other support, damp and shady place is ideal
for the growth of these plants.
The other beautiful species are
P. domesticum: Leaves are lush green, arrow shaped, pale veins raised and ascending.
P. domesticum variegatum: A mutant with irregularly variegated leaves and splashed with cream
white and yellow spots.
P. bipinnatifidum: It makes good growth and has stiff leaves measuring about 90cm, waxy green,
bipinnate having 10-12 segments each side.
P. xandu:
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting, division of suckers (rosette types)
31) Pleomele sp.
FY: Liliaceae
It is very similar to dracaena and is still grouped along with dracaena.
P. reflexa ‘variegata’ “Song of India”: It is very common as pot plant. It is self-branching, slow
growing but grows about 3cm high, densely covered with leathery leaves which are margined
by two bands of golden yellow or creamy shades.
P. reflexa: It is also common which has deep glossy green leaves, waxy and reflexed.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodel cutting, division of suckers, division of rhizomes.
32) Sanchizia nobilis ‘glaucophylla’
FY: Acanthaceae
It is native of Ecuador. Leaves are large lanceolate, leathery, glossy green with
contrasting prominent yellow veins. Easily propagated through terminal cuttings during rainy
season. It needs porous well drained rich compost for its growth. Suitable for shade and partial
shade.
33) Scindapsus aureus
FY: Araceae
It is native of Solemen Islands and is commonly called as ‘Pothos’ or ‘Money plant’ or
“Devils ivy’ and is quite commonly grown plant. It can climb up with the help of aerial rootlets.
Leaves are ovate, waxy, green with yellow variegation in some varieties. Young leaves are
small whereas old leaves are large.
S. aureus ‘Marble Queen’ commonly known as Silver Pothus, is a mutant with white variegation
and tinting of leaves.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting, it needs support prepared out of like sphagnumoss or
coconut fibre. It grows well in partial shade with well drained porous sandy loam soil rich in
humous or compost.
34) Syngonium sp.
FY: Araceae
It is native of tropical America and is a climber for shady situations. Plants are highly
valued for their attractive foliage. It produces aerial roots and is easily propagated through
cuttings. Important species are
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S. podophyllum: Leaves are thin, agitate, 5-7 lobed in later stages.
S. podophyllum ‘albolineatum’: Very ornamental with silver white center and veins. Mature
leaves are green.
Propagation: Tip cutting, nodal cutting, division of suckers.
35) Spathiphylum cannaefolium
FY: Araceae
These are evergreen perennial herbs, like green plants like the shade and leafs are turn
yellow if exposed to direct sunlight. They grow rapidly and form clumps from an underground
root stock. Leaves large, elliptic, fresh green, short thick spadix is white, spathe broad leathery
cream white turning green beneath with age.
Propagation: Division of clumps.
36) Setcresia purpuria
FY: Commelinaceae
It is low growing herbaceous plant, soft brittle purple oval oblong leaves violet purple
on both the surfaces, flowers on erect stalk, 3 petled colour purple. It is one of the best showy
foliage plants and grows easily in porous soil with a little leaf mould or cow manure. The
colour of the foliage becomes deep when grown in partial to full sunlight. To get good colout,
never plant in full shade or under shade.
37) Tradescantia sp.
FY: Commel;inaceae
It is native of tropical America and is very good plant for pot as well as for hanging
baskets. Branches are brittle. Leaves are oval and plants grown luxuriously in shade.
Important species are
T. albiflora ‘laekenensis’: It has creeping stems and leaves are delicate, small, ovate, pale green
with white.
T. blossfeldiana ‘variegata’: It is another attractive sport with the fleshy leaves striped cream to
yellow and pale green, midrib purple, underneath deep purplish and white.
Propagation: Easily propagated through stem cuttings division.
38) Zebriana pendula
FY: Commelinaceae
It is native of Mexico and is commonly called as ‘Wandering Jew’. It is very similar to
Tradescantia. Plants are fleshy and have creeping stem. Leaves are small, fleshy, deep green to
purple with two bands but clear purple beneath.
Z. pendula ‘quadricolor’: Leaves are small, purplish green, broadly handed glistening white with
pink and carmine red and silver stripes.
Z. pendula ‘discolour’: It has trailing stem. Leaves are large, glossy coppery and edged with
metallic purple with two narrow silver bands and are purple beneath.
Propagation: It can be easily propagated by cuttings.
Other species of indoor plants
39) Alpinia
FY: Zingibaraceae
Alpines are valid in tropics for their lush leaves and frequently richly colored flowers.
They are ill-suited to moist environments being especially subject to fungus due to low
temperatures. All the species may use as a bedding plant and also for indoors but they may not
produce flowers under indoors.
Important species are
A. purpuria (Red ginger): Leaves are red, lance shaped.
A. zerumbet var. Variegata (Shell ginger): Leaves mostly white with green stripes.
Propagation: Division of rhizomes.
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A. merioclades
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FY: Liliaceae
The leaves are needle like, it may possible to maintain bushy, dense, compact, shrubby
appearance quit attractive.
A. pyramidalis: The plant appears like a pyramid shape good for hanging basket and pot plant.
Propagation: Division of tubers.
40) Bilbergia
FY: Bromiliaceae
This is decorative indoor plant having multi-coloured leaves with inconspicuous flowers
in a perfect epiphytic form. The rosette leaves with their spade like leaf base can hold half a cup
or more water. They are remarkably suited for xerophytic condition.
41) Neoreglia
FY: Bromeliaceae
It is native to Brazil, at blooming time the inner leaves of some species become richy
coloured. This display may lose for 6 months but occurs only once. Most of the species being
normally decorated with die after producing pups. Therefore approximately one year is the
useful life of these plants.
Propagation: Division of offshoots.
42) Brassia actinophylla (Syn. Schfflera actinophylla)
FY: Areliaceae
It grows to the height of 9-12m, branches toppled with mass of hand shaped degitate
leaves with 6-12 leaflets. In early stages of its growth useful for indoor.
S. arboricola: It is much smaller plant growing over 1.8m high, leaves hand shaped/degitate,
profusely branched. It is excellent indoor plant.
Propagation: Cutting, Airlayering.
43) Cryptanthes
FY: Bromeliaceae
It is a low growing rosette plant; grow well in partial to full sunlight, humidity 50%. It
produces colourful leaves with brown, silvery, purple, pink, ivory or red in different
combinations. The layer of moisture absorbent scales n the leaves, reflect light, shimmering like
those of butterfly’s wings.
Propagation: Division of rhizomes.
44) Hemigraphis colarata (Flame Ivy)
FY: Acnthaceae
It is trailing and spreading plant, rooting at joints, stem thin, branched, broadly heart
shaped, surface punctured and finely toothed, metallic violet above, reddish purple beneath. It
most suitable plant for ground covers in the shade and for hanging baskets.
Propagation: Division of rooted joints and terminal cuttings.
45) Iresine herbestii
FY: Amarantheceae
It is growing for its colourful leaves, usually grown to less than 60cm, stem pink,
branching, leaves opposite, nearly round to oval, bright purplish red in colour.
Iresine herbestii var. Aureo reticulate (Chicken gizzard plant): Green to purplish red with
broad yellow, ascending veins and midrip.
Propagation: Cuttings.
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46) Ophiopogon japanicum var. Variegatum
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FY: Liliaceae
These are grassy members of the liliaceae family, small grass leaved pot plant, leaves are
thick, vertical, white stripes, excellent for pots and massing.
Propagation: Division of runners.
Cultivation Practices:Are similar to the plants grown for out door conditions, but for indoor gardening plants
must be raised shade condition from the beginning it self. Once they attain the full growth shift
them to indoors and handle them careful for 1 to two weeks till they adjust to the new
environment. Whenever possible they should be kept out doors for one or two days under
shady conditions.
Factors effecting growth of indoor plants:1. Light: It is a very important factor for cultivation of indoor plants, in general house
plants should be provided with artificial illumination using florescent red or blue light
which are refereed as plants lights or Agro lights.
2. Temperature:- Most of the indoor requires a min night temp-18oC and a – temp of 24oC
for their better survival and there should not be great fluctuations in day & night temp
in general most of the species, perform well as a temp, range of 15-30oC.
3. Humidity:- Indoor plants require higher humidity for their growth & development.
They can be maintained by sprinkling water on the foliage of the plant, or keeping the
pot in other empty pot and packing the surrounding space with sand & sphagnum mass
which will be kept moist by sprinkling water.
Maintenance of House Plants:
Dust may be deposited on the leaves of the house plant which makes the plant look dull
and also it may close its stomata and interfere with exchange of gases. The leaves of the indoor
plants should be wiped with wet cloth or sponge or sprayed with water occasionally to remove
dust. In case of any pest & disease problems, the plants should be shifted to out doors and then
take suitable control measures for the same.
Mode of indoor gardening:1. Plant can be grown in individual pots and keep them in appropriate places in house.
2. Plants can also be grown in bottles, dishes or any other containers and display them on
stands or window or in hanging baskets etc.
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Excercise No.:14
85
Date:______________
STUDY OF ORNAMENTAL BULBS
In commercial horticulture all the plants with underground structures like bulbs, corns,
rhizomes, tubers and tuberous roots are included under bulbous plants & these are mainly
grown for their flowers.
Ex: Foot ball lily, Blood lily, gladiolus, Tuberose, Iris, canna, spider lily etc.
All these bulbous plants are mostly for flower, few are for foliage like caladium, colocasia
Alocasia etc,
Site for Bulbs: This can be grown in borders, either side of the path or in rock garden or under
the shade of big trees or any elevated places in the garden. The advantage of growing bulbs in
natural way is that they can be left in the ground for several years to flower without lifting.
They can also be divided and replanted for further multiplication. The species left in the
ground for several years for flowering are foot ball lily, iris, Canna, crocus, Amaryllis, oxalis,
dahlia etc.
The term bulbous plants are the botanically distinct plant as those bearing tubers, corms
and rhizome etc. They are usually seasonal plants with underground modified stem containing
store of food and energy for development of the aerial shoots, leaves and flowers. The true bulb
is of two kinds.
1. It consists of modified fleshy leaves folded round each other.
2. It made up of scale like narrow thick leaves developing into new growth. Eg: Lilium
Other underground modifications
1. Rhizome: It is a underground creeping stem bearing roots below and aerial shoots
above carrying flowers and foliage. Eg: Canna, Alpinia.
2. Tuber: It is a thickened modified stem bearing buds in the auxils of scale like leaves
developing into new growth. Eg: Achemia, Dahlia etc.
3. Corm: It is a solid tuber developing offsets. Eg: Gladiolus, Iris, Tulip etc.
4. Bulb: It is modified fleshy leaves folded round each other and containing stored food
organ. Eg: Amarallis, Hippeastrum, Narcissus, Zepranthes, Foot ball lily etc,
5. Cormels and bulblets: These are produced under mother bulb and corm. Eg: Gladiolus
and tuberose.
Irrespective of groups all most all bulbous plants normally undergone three
phases during a year viz., growth, flowering and dormancy phase. After growth and
flowering, the plants in most cases, enter into rest period and the duration of dormancy
varies with the type of plants and environmental conditions like temperature and
humidity.
Description for bulbous plants
1. Amaryllis
FY: Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllis belladonna is native of South Africa, it is a plant with strap shaped glossy
leaves and producing few funnel shaped flowers on long stalk, from March to May. Leaves
appear in the end of the flowering season and die out before the winter sets. In warm humid
region the plants retain leaves through the year and bear flower during the season. Bulbs are
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86
planted in December– January and plants grow in rich well drained soil. Amarallys is not
disturbed for several years at on place and the plants continue to produce new bulbs and
flowers. It is very suitable for planting in border, shrubbery and in pot.
2. Caladium
O: Tropical America
FY: Araceae
The genus of about 16 species widely grow well in warm humid climate for the beautiful
and attractive leaves produced during rainy season. The pot mixture for planting caladium
should be prepared by mixing loamy soil with leaf mould and well decomposed cow dung
manure. Application of liquid manure at frequent intervals enhances growth and improves
colour of the foliage. Caladium is propagated through division of tuberous rhizome and rarely
by seeds. In dormant condition, the rhizome may be allowed to remain in the soil or dug out
and stored in a cool and dry place.
3. Crinum
FY: Amaryllidaceae
It large and showy flowering bulbous plants. They resemble amaryllis but easily
distinguished by larger perianth tube. Flowers are usually white or in shads of red and purple.
Most of the species prefer shade or semi shady location for planting. Crinum have large bulb,
sometime as much as 60-80cm long with numerous fleshy roots. If crinum planted in the bed,
the soil should be dug to a depth of two to three feet, mixed up well sufficient quantity of rotted
cow dung and other compost. Bulbs are planted in the month of April to get flower during the
rainy season.
4. Gloriosa
FY: Liliaceae
The genus Gloriosa means “full of glory” popularly known as climbing lily or creeping
lily. These are all tall creeping plants supports themselves by means of tendril which arise from
leaves. Leaves are oblong; flowers are showy on long pedicles in leaf axils. Well drained soil in
sunny situation is ideal for planting Gloriosa and attractive flowers make a frame work for low
trellis.
Gloriosa is vegetatively propagated from rhizome which may cut in pieces and planted
to a depth of 3 – 4cm in April – May to obtain the flowers during July – August. After flowering
is over the plant begins to wither and rhizome becomes formant.
5. Haemanthus
FY: Amaryllidaceae
Haemanthus is one of the popular and attractive bulbous plant commonly called as
Football Lily or Blood lily. Bulbs are usually large with thick skin. Leaves are large and
luxuriant, turn yellow and dry in winter months. Inflorescence is a dense, many flowered
umbel, perianth straight and erect with short cylindrical tube. Flowers showy and produced in
ball like heads. Flowers often appear before the leaves or sometimes simultaneously. To plant
in beds, the soil is deep dug and mixed with well rotten compost and planted 40cm apart. It
also grows well in small pot. They are propagated by offsets, which should be detached from
the mother plant during spring to get blooms during summer and early part of rainy season.
6. Hwsywhium
FY: Zingiberaceae
Hedichium consists of 40 species of rhizomes herbs and several species are grown for
their beautiful and fragrant flowers in both plains and hills. It prefers semi shade and moist soil
and produces many flowered large spikes during July-October. The leaves die before winter.
7. Hemerocallis
CN: Day lily
FY: Liliaceae
This genus consisting of more than a dozen species and they are hardy, stout rooted,
perennial herbaceous plants, admired for their showy flowers, the flowers lost for the day and
fade at night. While planting the bulbs in the soil, the soil should be dug to a depth of 50 –
60cm and mixed up with well rotted cowdung. They take a year or two to establish properly
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and should not be disturbed very frequently. Planting is done in February to March and
flowering continues from May – August. Propagation by division of clumps.
8. Hippeastrum
CN: Royal Dutch lily
FY: Amaryllidaceae
It is one of the finest bulbous plants. The flowers are larger, open widely, about 15 –
20cm across, tube is shorter and the plant develops larger bulb than Amarallys belladonna. The
leaves are broder than amarallys and do not dry out in the plains. The bulbs are lifted in
November – December, stored In dry place for a few weeks and replanted in January –
February. It flower during March – April.
9. Hymenocallis
FY: Amaryllidaceae
Hemenocallis is cultivated for their beautiful fragrant flowers, consisting of narrow
green white petals with large coronas and protruding stamens the bulbs are planted just the
surface of the soil during February to get the bloom in the month of May. It is propagated by
bulbs.
10. Neumbo lutea
CN: Lotus
FY: Nymphaeaceae
Lotus is flower of national importance in India. The genus consists of two species, the
one bearing yellow flower and the others produces white or pinkish flowers. The plant has
rhizomatous stem, large peltate leaves standing well above the ground and it spreads rapidly in
shallow water or wet soil, lotus prefers soil rich in organic matter and flowers profusely in
summer and rains.
Nelumbo lute: Scented yellow flowers
Nelumbo lutea: White or pink flowers
Lotus is propagated by rhizome or seed.
11. Nymphea
CN: Water lily
FY: Nymphaeaceae
It is most the most popular flowering plant in water garden. All species are aquatic,
rhizomatous plants widely grown in tank, lily pool, streams, lakes ad is suitable earthenware
containers. The leaves are oval or round in shape, floating on water or standing above the
water surface. The flowers are very attractive, with various colours, white, pink, red, blue and
shades of colour are found in the varieties developed by hybridization.
Water lily prefers clay soil rich in organic matter and sunny location. The rhizome are
planted in soil and then placed in the tank or lily pool or baskets or pots filled with rich clay soil
and then placed in the tank in March – April. Vegetative growth starts in spring and flowers
during the summer, rains and early winter. Nymphea propagated by rhizomes.
Nymphea caerulea: Produces blue flower
Nymphea odorata: Produces white flowers
Nymphea pubescens: Produces white flowers
Nymphea styellata: Produces pale blue flowers
Zephyranthes
CN: Zephyr lily
FY: Amaryllidaceae
Fairy lily
It is hardy bulbous plant; leaves are filiform or linear or may be strap shaped. Flowers
solitary, peduncle elongated, funnel shaped. It is suitable for planting in beds, pots and border.
They grow well in sandy loam soil and addition of well rotten compost of leaf mould is
beneficial. It is commonly propagated by separating the bulbs. They flower during summer
and rains and make very colourful display especially in rains.
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Land preparation:- Most imp, pre requisite for growing bulb is to have a perfect drainage & if
the drainage is perfect, it can be grown in any type of soil. In case of heavy soils, the soils
should be improved by adding FYM, leaf mould or coarse sand.
Planting Season:- June-July
Planting:- The bead is prepared well with addition of well decomposed FYM and bulbs must be
planted to a depth of twice or thrice the diameter of the bulb in a deep and narrow hole.
Colour Combination:- Which planting bulbs in the beds only one colour of same cultivar
should be accommodated in the bed to ensure blooming at once, hormone on appearance and
uniform in height.
Cultural hints: Watering should be sparse till the bulbs sprout. Stacking must be provided for
tall growing bulbs plants like gladiolus & tuberose. Application of FYM is desirable in the
beginning of the monsoon.
Lifting & Storing of Bulbs: Bulbs usually undergo 3 imp phases in its life cycle.
1. Resting phase 2. Growing period 3. Flowering period
After flowering most of the bulbs enter into rest period & bulbs should not be lifted till the
foliage. Turns yellow & completely dried
Storing:- After lifting the bulbs, they must be dried under the shade of the tree any shade for 23 days and clean the dried leaves and roots for further storing in well ventilated room with dry
atmosphere preferably dark.
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Date:___________________
PREPARATION AND MAINTENANCE OF LAWN
A lawn can be defined as green carpet for a landscape. Lawn is the important feature,
which imports more than 75 per cent of beauty ness to the garden.
Site selection:-The grass doesn’t grow well under shade. So a site selected should receive full
sunlight at least for half of the day preferable in the evening hours. Therefore select the site
towards south, southwest or southeast of the building. It is desirable to have site without big
trees, because of shade and dried leaves fall over the lawn and make the place dirty. If the site
selected is having shade then we can grow shade-loving grasses.
Land preparation:- Dig out the soil to 45-cm, level the land, remove weeds and add organic
matter at the rate of 500 kg per 100-m2 area. Irrigate well and allow it for 2-3 weeks for
germination of weeds and again after two weeks go for digging of soil to remove all germinated
weeds.
Selection of grasses:-Grasses are selected based on place where the lawn is supposed to be
established.
1. Cynodon dactylon (hariyaliu, burmuda, durb and bahama grass): It is the most common
suitable lawn grass for wide range of condition and it thrives well under sunny
condition but poor under shady condition.
2. Poa nemoralis(Wood meadow grass/guinea grass): it come up very well under shade
condition and requires frequent irrigation and common grass in western counties.
3. Poa pratensis (June grass or Kentucky blue grass): it is shade loving, fine textured grass.
It gives soft carpet feeling to lawn. It can also be grown under full sun conditions. The
color is bluish green and requires frequent irrigation.
4. Cynoserus cristatus (crested dog’s tail grass)
5. Lolium perenne (rye grass)
6. Agrostis tenni, A Canina-Fine grass.
Methods of lawn establishment
Seed sowing
Dibbling
Turfing
Turf plastering
Seed sowing:-If grass roots and cutting are not available, seeding is the best method. Seeds
are broadcasted on well-prepared land by mixing with double; quantity of sand or soil of
moist and pass garden rake lightly in two directions for better mixing of the seeds. Then the
ground is rolled with a roller to level the soil and irrigate well with rose can or a pipe fitted
with rose head. Seeds germinate with in 3-5 weeks. Seed rate is 500 gm per 200-m2 area.
This method takes long time of lawn establishments (one year).
Dibbing:-Well matured rooted or non-rooted cuttings are used for dibbling at a pacing of 710cm. Here the lawn establishes within 5-7 weeks.
Turfing: Turf is a piece of earth of about 5 cm thick with grass grown on it. Usually turf is
available in one foot. Turf is made closely to each other like bricks in all ready prepared
ground and make firm by a beater and in this method lawn is quickly established but costly.
Usually this method is used for preparation of lawns in exhibition and flower shows.
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Turf plastering:- A paste is prepared by mixing garden soil, fresh cow dung, water and bits
of chaffed grass. Spread this paste uniformly ion soil and cove this paste with 2 cm thick ary
soil. After 2-3 hours irrigate the ground. By this method lawn is established in about 2-3
months.
Maintenance of lawn:-If lawn is not properly maintained, it become useless. Therefore one
has to follow certain important practices to maintain the lawn in good condition.
 Weeding:-As soon as the lawn is established, weeding has to be carries out
regularly. Remove all annual and perennial weeds along with their roots.
 Rolling:- It helps the grass to anchor itself securely and also to keep surface
leveled by pressing down small stone and pebbles. Rolling should not be done in
moist soil.
 Moving: When grass is about 5 cm tall, it is clipped with garden shear for one or
two times, later on lawn mower is used for cutting the lawn grasses evenly at correct
height. Frequency of mowing varies with season and purpose of lawn maintained.
 Sweeping: Sweeping lawn thoroughly after each mowing is essential to clean cut
grasses that might have fallen from lawn mower box. Sweeping is also required to
remove dried fallen leaves, debris, waste material etc.
 Irrigation:- Lawn grasses are shallow rooted and requires frequent light irrigation.
Sprinklers irrigation is the best for bigger areas and pipe fitted with rose head for
smaller area.
 Scraping:- Old lawns get matted due to continuous rolling and mowing which
makes the lawn ugly. The lawn grass is scrapped at ground level with spade or Kurphi
and top-dressed with 1:2:1 proportion of garden soil, FYM and course sand. The
mixtures is incorporated at 5-10 cm depth with garden rake and irrigated well 2% urea
can be sprayed to lawn grasses, which has quick greening effect at the rate of 1lit per
m2 areas.
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Date:____________
STUDY OF B O N S A I
Bonsai is a tree or simply a plant cultivated in a pot or container, resembling a fullygrown tree on a miniature scale. The word Bonsai is derived from Chinese Penjing and in
Japanese Bon means, ‘shallow pan/pot” and the Sai means “plant” which is translated as ‘tray
planting’. In simple bonsai is an art of growing trees, plants proportionately in smaller
containers occasionally in combination with rocks of many forms, by treating them with certain
technique in order to reproduce in miniature appearances found in nature.
Bonsai comprises a tree or shrub planted for developing as a miniature plant showing
the general appearance of that plant species found in nature. It totally differs from pot plant
where the foliage and flowers are important, whereas for bonsai the appearance of the plant in a
miniature form is to be maintained for many years.
The great japans expert on Bonsai, “Kyozo morata” is on record to have said, “Like a pet
animal, it needs water, Sunshine & nourishment.”It is generally believed that bonsai making
and cultivation is originally Japanese art. It originated however in China at the time of Ming
dynasty. It is believed that bonsai reached Japan during Heian era. The technique of bonsai
known to West towards the end of 19th century. In London a large and unique bonsai shows
was organized in 1990. It was after the Second World War in the Pacific that bonsai arrived in
America and Japanese immigration post war brought a major influence to cultivate bonsai.
There is no reference in particular, which indicates when bonsai was introduced in India.
However, it is believed that bonsai reached India sometime in early part of this century.
At present, this art has got huge craze all over India and number of bonsai chapters/clubs and
training camps are going on.
Bonsai styles:
There are many styles in bonsai, which have been developing over the ages. Although
the definition of these styles are only intended to be the guidelines which should be interpreted
by individual bonsai grower to create an original and aesthetically pleasing result. The
following are the principal classical bonsai styles developer over the years.
1.
Formal upright style (Chokkan): In this style branches grow symmetrically and
horizontally around the upright straight trunk.
2.
Winding or Kyokkuy/Curved trunk style (Moyogi): In this style plants retains a very
natural appearance with the help of curving nature of the trunk. The branches get smaller
in size towards the top growing also in the edge of the curves.
3.
Oblique/Leaning trunk style (Shakakn): The trunk leans to one side, braches are
positioned horizontally, shooting out in all directions. The surface roots clearly visible in
the side opposite to the lean.
4.
Windswept style (Fukinagashi): This differs from previous style that branches grow on
one side of the trunk only. This gives the impression of the blowing continually from the
direction.
5.
Broom style (Hokidachi): This style having the similarity in appearance to unturned
broom. It spreads the branches in the shape of a fan, may occupy half the total height of
the tree. The trunk is upright.
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6.
Cascade style (Kengai): The branches grow out over the edge of the container chosed for
this style is high enough to show off cascade effect to best advantage.
7.
Multiple trunks style or Clump shaped (Kadudaki): Trunks are allowed to grow a single
root, which has put several shoots. The result of this is a little group of trees. Generally,
they should make up an odd number but if only trunks appear, they should of different
sizes.
8.
Raft style (Ikuabuchi): This style creates an effect of fallen trunk, which has put out roots
downward, and branches upward. The final impression, which is quite original, is one of
the groups of individual plants all spring from a horizontal trunk.
9.
Woodland (Yose ue): In this fascinating style, in a single container a number of all
individual plants of the same species are laid out in a correctly proportioned manner.
10. Twisted trunk style (gnarled): The trunk diminishes size toward the top and gives the
appearance of twisting in upon itself; the branches break out in all directions.
11. On the rock: The piece of rock is places appropriately in the container to be embraced
eventually by the roots of the bonsai. This however sinks into the soil below. Once the
little tree starts growing and putting new roots in to small cavities in the rock, one can get
so called “rock planting”.
12. Mame bonsai/Mini bonsai/Disc bonsai: The plants are often not more than 8 – 15cm high
(3 – 6 inches) and grow in containers after no bigger than a thumble.Group planting is
most effective.
13. Gnarled or Hankan style: This differs little from the winding style. Here the trunk is
twisted near the ground once/twice to form a knob/loop.
Culture/Propagation
1. Cultivation from seed: It takes long time, in the first place growing a house plant and
then successfully shaping into perfect bonsai.
2. Cultivation from vegetatively propagated plants: This system is highly practical and
commonly used. It is carried out by taking cutting from the matured shoots, layering,
grafting and budding methods.
3. Seedlings from local origin/countryside: Seedlings of mature trees of local origin viz.,
gardens, terraces and fields along side of roads. For collection of these seedlings soil
from the plants must be loosens using trowel, than only gently lift the plants without
injuring the taproot. If the seedlings are to be planted immediately, simply cover the
roots with loose and wet soil to prevent drying. If the planting delayed for few days,
then cover the seedling with moist sphagnum moss or newspaper to keep the plants
from drying out. After collection 2 – 3 year old seedling from the field, immerse the
roots in a bucket of water or emulsion of clay and water.
Characteristics of plants suitable for bonsai
The suitability of plants to develop a bonsai plant depends on various factors.
1. The plant should be hardy so that it can be grown in a small container for many years
with all the manifestations of a living plant.
2. The trunk should develop a natural appearance.
3. The branches should grow in natural but artistic forms.
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4. The growth of the plant and appearance should harmonious with the shape of the
container.
5. The miniature plant showing seasonal variations in growth and flowering is a very
interesting feature of bonsai.
6. Plants of low height and strong trunk, thick at the base are good as bonsai.
Plant species suitable for bonsai
Trees: Anthrocephalus cadamba, Bombax malbaricum, Adenanthera pavonica, Brassia actinophylla,
Butea monosperma, Callistemon lanceolata, Ceiba pentandra, Erythrina cristagalai, Ficus negalensis,
F. reliogiosa, F. infectoria, Pinus carica, Jaccaranda mimosifolia, Kigelia pinnata, Tabebuia chrysantha,
Thespesia papulina, punica granatum, Delonix regia, Malphigia glabra etc.
Shrubs: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Hamelia patens, Jatropa podagrica, Murraya exotica, Carisa caranda,
Bougainvillea sps., Camellia japanica, Schfflera arborícola.
Climbers: Combretum, Hiptage madhablata etc. Golden shower, Morning glory
Conifers: Juniferous prostrata, J. chinensis, Cupresses sempervirans, Juniferous horizantalis, Pinus
roxburghii, Pinus khasiana etc.
Succulents: Adenium obesum, Crassula sps. Etc.
Fruit plants: Pomegranate, tamarind, apple tree, citrus etc.
Environmental conditions: To get desirable and best results and shape first of all it should be
clear in mind what is the habitat of particular plant in nature. Temperature, humidity and light
are the three main factors controlling habitat. In addition to these factors growing condition of
each species and insect and diseases to which they may be prone, are to be given due emphasis.
Temperature requirement of tropical and sub-tropical sps. are different. Regular and constant
high temperature (20 – 24oC) is tropical sps. Ideal humidity level for indoor plants is 40 – 50%.
Light is primary importance for all the plants and indoor location bonsai. During the day time,
most indoor plants require as minimum between 400 to 1000 lux. If the natural light is deficient
it can be boosted with artificial light. The lamps should be placed 65 to 80cm from the bonsai
plants.
Location for displaying bonsai plants: Traditional or hardy bonsai are kept out of doors and
most people keep them in the portico near the house or near the windows where they can be
seen and enjoyed. A bonsai should not be exposed to full sun all day long as this makes
watering a problem. A suitable position is one where the bonsai will get full sun for part of the
day i.e., either morning sun or afternoon sun. Indoor bonsai require a little more thought and
care in their placement. As a rule most plants prefer to be in light airy situation than in a dark
corner which gets hardly any light at all. Indoor bonsai should not be placed on the top of the
radiator or near fans or fireplace.
Potting time: The preferred time for bonsai and bonsai material is early in the growing (Spring)
season. When buds are beginning to enlarge but before new growth appears. In cold regions,
fall season is considerable for potting bonsai. When vegetative growth ceases, root growth
continues at a reduced rate when temperature is freezing. During fall only healthy and
vigorous plants should be planted. Minimum roots and top growth is recommended and the
roots should be protected from freezing.
Material requirement
1. Soil: A good soil mixture for bonsai must supply its needs of water, mineral and oxygen to
the roots at least a year. Its texture must also be such as to encourage sufficient drainage of
surplus water to avoid water logging and rotting of the fine roots and other hand be able to
retain adequate water to enable the plant that to absorb a constant supply. Soil should
contain sufficient compost and in varying proportion according to the requirement of each
species. Suitable garden mixture for most plants would be a mixture of eight parts of
loam one part of sand is ideal. In addition to this, bone meal may be given according to
the needs of each species.
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2. Containers: The container for bonsai must be having good drainage holes besides
adequate to house the plant. The container should be harmonizing with the appearance of
plant in such a way as to produce natural and pleasing effect. Therefore, containers must
be simple and elegant in appearance. Colour must be bright, light colours as well as black
usually look better for flowering trees. Colours among the duller earth shades like browns,
grays, reds, greens and blues can be used for non-flowering plants. Unglazed containers
may often blend better into total appearance. The shape of bonsai pots are concerned,
rectangular, oval, square and round containers looks better for formal upright as well as
slanting styles. For the cascade style a tall pot would naturally be chosen and tree with
thick trunk and plentiful foliage would be planted in strong and dark coloured containers.
Selected seedling should be planted in shallow containers, which can accommodate the
roots without crowding. Usually 2.5 to 3 inches pot is satisfactory. Other characteristics
are
a. The length of the container in general should be equivalent to two third of the height of the
trunk and its height should not be less than the thickness of the trunk.
b. Upright plants are better suited to the flatter type of the containers, while cascading plants
prefer taller vessels.
c. Always keep in mind what colour the leaves and flowers are going to containers with a
dark coloured glaze.
3. Accessories: Stones and moss may be used for enhancing the beauty of bonsai plant.
Stones could be useful to induce the illusion of cliff. The use of moss having the advantage
of helping the plant to keep cool in the hot days of summer. It also controls the top soil
from being washed off during water process or heavy rains.
4. Tools: Essential tools for bonsai are A pair of sturdy pruning clippers, pair of long handled
scissors, A pair of wire cutters, a pointed stick of cane bamboo, various grades of copper
wire are required to grow and train bonsai.
5. Compost: Compost used for bonsai is essentially the same as any other good garden
compost. Different bonsai growers have own favorite formula depending upon the variety
of the tree they are growing. General compost containing 2 part leaf mould, 1 part sand
and 1 part soil is ideal for bonsai formation. In junifer and pine other coniferous plants use
sharp sand and for certain indoor bonsai use peat based compost with free drainage and
has adequate fertilizer from time to time.
Special operations in bonsai
1. Pruning: Pruning is essential operations used in restricting the size and retains the
shape of bonsai. By using sharp implements carry these operations. First pruning is
undertaken at the time of original potting of trees then further pruning will become
necessary to shorten the branches, which have become too long.
Time: Pruning may be done when the plant awakening from dormancy. At the time of
repotting also, in orders to remove unnecessary and dead branches and shorten
excessive growth. Most flowering plants may be pruned after the blooms have fallen.
Technique of pruning: If the branch to be pruned, branch which grow on the lower part
of plant and to the fore must be cut off. Branches must always grow at the sides and
towards the rear. Branches, which grow outward at the same height on tree, as well as
parallel branches have to be pruned. Hardy bonsai should be pruned only between
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March – April and September – October. If plant is flowering variety, pruning should be
carried out only after this has taken place.
2. Technique of trimming: Trimming is a process, which must continue throughout the
lifetime of bonsai and is many cases it is performed almost the year round. By this
technique the tree retains its shape and the small branches become finer developing in to
delicate tracery of fine twigs, besides which the leaves become smaller in size and more
proportionate. After trimming the new buds break out from the remaining nodes and
these grown into finer twigs with smaller leaves. Selected series of trimming would be
necessary in the monsoon season when new growth takes place. Infact the monsoon
growth is very vigorous and will speedily spoil the shape of the tree if most of it is not
removed as the new twigs have spaces and large leaves, shoots.
3. Leaf trimming: This is a technique employed to stimulate the growth of new fine twigs,
thereby increasing the foliage and also reducing the size of the leaves. It must be
performed on only strong healthy plants after a month of regular fertilizing. Leaves on
weak branches are untouched. Leaf trimming is not carried out on flowering trees as the
embryo; flower buds may be present inside the buds and would be stimulated to out of
season blooming. Once in a year during April – August, remove the leaves completely
from the plants. In this way effect of late season resting period is stimulated but the
plant encouraged by heat will sprout new shoots. Plenty of water, sunlight be provided
as soon as new buds grow.
4. Wiring: Main objective of wiring is to get desired shape of the bonsai, it is necessary to
train and shape it by means of external support, using a copper or aluminum wire. This
produces the desired effect more quickly than recycling completely on pruning. The
wire is made of copper or aluminum and varies in thickness depending on which part is
being used. It is thicker for the trunk and main branches and finer for smaller branches
and shoots. Support wire should always be anchored either to the soil, the trunk and
the container or to another tree. It should be attached in a regular spiral manner going
from bottom to top and normally starting from side of the tree. If slight twisting is
introduced in the direction of the spiral, bending a branch will be easier.
It is essential to avoid bending leaves and buds together. Wiring is of the
trickiest operation in bonsai, so it must be done with extreme care, step, under the watchful
and artistic eye of an expert.
Finally, remember that when the wiring is finished the bonsai needs little rest
and should not be placed in direct sunlight. Sprays regularly with clean water and
avoid repotting for sometime. Bonsai shapes can also be modified with fine string or by
using small stones or small pieces of wood as props.
5. Watering: Watering is one of the essential aspects of bonsai. It is essential to look
everyday to see if the bonsai is in need of water. Checking the status of the soil in the
container can do this. During the growing season all bonsai will need to be watered
regularly. It is not sufficient to relay rainwater to supply the moisture requirement of
bonsai. During hot summer water is required at least once in a day. The best time for
watering is in evening hours when the sun has gone down. On very hot day it is best to
water before the sun starts to shine on the foliage. In case of plants exposed to sun,
especially during the summer, the shower effect that will tend to damage the leaves.
The soil must be watered slowly, with brief interruption to allow complete permeation.
Too sure that one should be able to see water seeping out the drainage hole. If the soil is
too dry, the water will not be absorbed and will spill out over side of the container.
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Regarding quality of water, it is ideally better to know about water hardness. It should
not contain more than that 12 – 15 degrees of harness and it should be low in chalk or
limestone contains. Water, which is very hardy, will affect the degree of acidity in the
soil and produce chalky deposits. Never use water it is too hot, since this will limit the
ability of the plant to absorb nutrients.
Repotting technique bonsai
First one must get right compost mixtures especially for bonsai plants available in the
nurseries or garden shops. Generally, the preparation for bonsai is made up of clay or graded
soil, sand and humus. Compost for bonsai can also be prepared at home. It can be done by
using the following formula two parts of peat, one part of clayey soil, two parts of sand and
five parts of peat.
For repotting following steps are involved
1. To separate the root ball, plant from the container, first cut the wire that will be holding
the tree to the pot. First turn the container, tap it sharply with your first and lift it from
the root moss.
2. Place the root ball on the plain surface, remove the top layer of soil with plenty stick and
loosen along roots that encircles the sides and bottom of the root ball. Eliminate thick
long roots with few fibrous roots, shorten the surface roots.
3. Clean the original container, keep the screening over drainage hole and place the
container on flat surface and proceed with the potting. Then place the trimmed plant in
the container, the plant should sit comfortably in the container, trim the roots around the
sides and the space between side and bottom should be 1 inch of space between the root
ball and inner surface of the container.
Manuring: Feeding bonsai is an important part of care and maintenance. To enable bonsai to
grow as a healthy plant right and timely fertilization is used. In order to dwarf a plant it is
neither starved of water nor of food. So fertilizers either powdered or liquid form suitable for
indoor bonsai. They can be either applied in the form of organic fertilizers or inorganic
fertilizers. Fertilizer should not be applied before and after flowering. No fertilizer should be
given just after repotting or root pruning, in order to allow root system to grow again. Before
applying fertilizers, soil must be watered plentifully. Organic manures like leaf mould, oil cake
from any form may be used. Animal manure like fish meal, chicken manure, and cow dung
manure is too heavy and course for bonsai should not be used. Wood ash is more a soil
conditioner than a fertilizer and is added in the proportion of about 10% to natural manures to
present soil from becoming too acid. Manures from oil cake is prepared by putting about 2
kilos of oil cake in bucket of about 20 litres of water along with 150g wood ash. These mixtures
are then stirred thoroughly and cover the bucket for 15 days. Then the fermented manure may
be diluted with water in the proportion 1:10 to make strong solution and 1:15 for weaker
solution. In spring, when the trees begin to grow, the weaker solution is used. In summer until
the hottest weather fertilizer should be stopped after the monsoon is over, the weekly schedule
is restarted with weaker solution. For the flowering and fruiting plants a separate mixture may
be prepared in the following proportion.
Cotton seed cake
600g
Sesame cake
600g
Fish meal
400g
Wood ash
200g
Super phosphate
200g
Water
add up to 20 liter
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This solution is prepared in the same manner above. Fertilizing this mixture in autumn will
help the development of flower buds until spring.
Important Do’s and Don’ts
Do’s
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Choose plants hardy in the local climatic condition.
Choose simple container with adequate drainage holes.
Trim regularly to produce a net work of fine twigs.
Ensure sufficient balanced nutrients in the form of manure.
Use mild fertilizers.
Provide plenty of sunshine from all the sides.
Give water in such a quantity that it flows out from the drainage hold.
Check the drainage regularly.
Inspect often for pests, diseases and deficiencies.
Aim at producing an adult or aged looking tree and design is well balanced and natural
looking.
Don’ts
Avoid choosing plants with large leaves, flowers and fruits.
Do not choose style unsuitable to the trees.
Avoid pruning old wood in conifers.
Do not keep the bonsai on the ground.
Do not retain wire on the trees for too long.
Do not apply wire as tightly as to interfere with circulation or to damage the bark.
Do not limit the size of the bonsai so that the natural characteristics of the appearance in
the bonsai.
Do not mix chemical and natural fertilizers in the same solution.
Study questions:
1. Draw the neat diagram of all the 13 styles of bonsai.
2. Sketchout the diagram of special operations in bonsai culture.
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Excercise No.: 17
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Date: _______________
STUDY OF GARDEN ADORNMENTS
Definition: Any materials which are used in the garden other than existing one is called garden
adornments. Following are garden adornments commonly used in the garden.
1.
Garden-seats: The garden-seats should not look out of place. They should be comfortable,
durable and artistic looking. Seats made out of wooden or fabric material are comfortable
to sit compared to those build in stone or iron. The wood used is to be treated with a
preservative and painted with moisture proof chemicals. Iron or stone or concrete seats
get easily heated in the summer months and become cool in the winter months, thus
making them uncomfortable to sit. Concrete or stone seats are preferable in public parks
as they are durable in nature and unsocial acts such as theft and vandalism could be
prevented.
2.
Ornamental tubs, urns and vases: The tub or the vase can be made of timber or preferably
of brick, concrete or carved out of stone, which can be could permanently in position or
kept temporarily. When fixed permanently, these should generally be positioned over an
ornamental pillar keeping in view the proportion between the two. If there is a paved
path, an ornamental vase or tub can be placed at the end of it or one each on both sides.
Similarly, these can be placed near the gate or near the staircase of the main entrance.
Ornamental urns preferably of metal with carvings outside look beautiful in the terrace,
near the staircase or even inside the house.
3.
Bird-bath: This is nothing but large, bow-shaped container generally made of concrete,
fixed over a pillar or column, which is about 1m tall. Water is stored in the bowl for the
birds to come and drink or bath in it. They may be constructed at the quiet corner of the
garden.
4.
Sun-dials: It can be used as a focal point in a garden, can form a centerpiece of a formal
flowerbed, and can be placed in the centre or at the end of the lawn or at the junction or
termination of path. It is also a good feature in a sunken-garden. The sundial should be
positioned in a place where the shadow from a tree or building does not fall for a long
duration. There should be free access to the base of the column, so that one can closely
observe the dial. The column of the sundial should be fixed firmly in the ground and is
generally made of bricks, tiles, stones or a combination of these without a mortar coating to
look more artistic. The digits can be carved on the cement or the stone itself. Before fixing
the dial, the movement of the sun should be observed and then the dial is screwed to the
base. The height of the column should not exceed 60-90cm or the dial will not be visible
easily.
5.
Floral clocks: These are huge clocks generally operated by electricity, having huge hands
for showing the seconds, minutes and hours. The machinery of the clock is concealed in an
underground chamber with only the hands showing above the ground against a dial of
carpet bedding plants or flowerbeds. Instead of live plants, the dial can be decorated with
various colored pebbles tool (natural or artificial).
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6.
Japanese lanterns: The lanterns should preferably be carved in stone and should be low
and decorative. The lanterns should preferably be carved in stone and should be low and
decorative. The column may be cylindrical or square faced with ornamental carvings.
Firebox should also be carved in an ornamental manner. The roof may be broad roofed
commonly called ‘show view’. These lanterns are made of white stone or white marbles
are suitable for areas having a snowfall. In tropical countries, these can be kept near a
pool. The narrow roofed lanterns have a six-face firebox. Decorative metal lanterns over
ornamental pillars or columns also of metal can be used. The lanterns should be
positioned in places like near the house or near a stream or pool.
7.
Ornamental stones: Ornamental stone pillars or pieces of rounded form or other abstract
designs are used. They can be placed near lily pools, along or in the midst of streams and
waterfalls. Large or ornamental pieces can also be placed at the corner of the doorway and
other suitable places.
8.
Fountains: There may be a straight upright water jet or a number of fine water jets,
converging in the form of an umbrella. Water jets can also be designed in the form of
rainbows. The jets and pipes are made of anticorrosive material. Colored lights are
provided under water with waterproof fittings, to make the fountain more colorful during
the nights, with automatic switch, it is possible to charge the color at regular intervals.
9.
Statues: These are animate or inanimate objects. They can be carved out of stone or made
of bronze. Concrete status can be placed in the midst of a running stream or a pool at the
inter-section of two roads at the end of a road or near the doorway of the house.
10. Sculptures: The use of sculptures and artistic objects demands confidence.
generates admiration as one person can be abhorrent to another.
There
11. Human figures: Busts sound unlikely ornaments for a small garden, but provided they are
not two large they can look great in an alcove or on a plinth in dull corner. Small figures
sometime work well if surrounded by clever planting.
12. Animal ornaments: Abstract ornaments should be used with restraint too many will tend
to make the area look more like as art gallery than a garden.
13. Wall masks, plaque and gargoyles: There are great for relieving a dull wall, but are almost
always best amid the leaves of climber such as ivy. The foliage frames the feature and
emphasizes its role as an unusual focal point.
14. Genomes: There will be very effective and add a sense of fun.
15. Plinths and pedestals: Plinths are essential for raising sundial, bird bath or bust to an
appropriate height. Use plinths by planting low growing plants around the base. This can
also be kept in gravel gardens.
Study questions:
1) Draw the neat diagram of GARDEN ADORNMENTS
Prepared by Dr. B. Hemla Naik, Professor & Head (Hort.) cum Coordinator (PPMC) & Ms. Jeevitha, S., Asst. Prof. CoA, Shimoga