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Transcript
Ecosystem Unit Objectives • • • • • • • Describe an ecosystem and its components Illustrate the E flow through a system Identify biotic and abiotic things Distinguish between the different biomes Create a food chain and web Understand earth cycles (C, N, etc.) Explain what a keystone spp is and its job Words to know • • • • • • Ecosystem Biotic Abiotic Biome Food chian Keystone spp Ecosystems • Ecosystem: An area containing an interaction of living and non-living factors in an area/region • Example ecosystems: – Porcupine Mts. in MI – Forests of WI – Outer banks coastal water ecosystem – Sand Lake ecosystem Ecosystem Gaia Hypothesis What is in an Ecosystem? • Abiotic Factors: The non-living parts of an ecosystem – Rocks, soil, temperature, gases in the air, light • Biotic Factors: The living parts of an ecosystem – Plants, animals, bacteria, fungus • Producers: use light to make their own energy • Consumers: eat other organisms to obtain energy • Decomposers: break down dead organisms for energy Biotic Abiotic • • • • • • • • • • • • • Humans Bacteria Fungus Plants Insects Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Water Soil Wind or Air Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen • Temperature • Sunlight • pH – Acid or base Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic (plant) Abiotic (rainwater) Abiotic or Biotic? • • • • • The air temperature is 45 degrees F = abiotic The soil is made of rocks and minerals = abiotic A bird lays eggs = biotic Bacteria break down dead organisms = biotic The pH or the water is 2 (acidic) = abiotic Which of the following is a relationship between abiotic and biotic factors? A) The rain on an open field washes away soil B) A hawk hunts a mouse and swoops down into the forest for the kill C) A lake has very acidic water which causes many fish populations to die Abiotic D) A deer grazes in a field of grasses Biotic Ecosystems • Biodiversity • Change Members of an Ecosystem Producer- all autotrophs (plants), they trap energy from the sun • Bottom of the food chain • 6CO2 + 6 H2O + solar E → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Members of an Ecosystem Consumer- all heterotrophs: they ingest food containing the sun’s energy • Herbivores • Carnivores (2° and 3 °) • Omnivores • Decomposers • Detritus feeders Members of an Ecosystem Herbivores – Eat plants • Primary consumers • Prey animals Members of an Ecosystem Carnivores -eat meat -Predators – Hunt prey animals for food Secondary consumers Members of an Ecosystem Carnivores - eat meat • Scavengers – Feed on carrion, dead animals tertiary consumers Members of an Ecosystem ConsumerOmnivores -eat both plants and animals Members of an Ecosystem ConsumerDecomposers • Breakdown the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed Members of an Ecosystem • Detritus feeders Earthworms, some insects, vultures Little waste Aerobic respiration Main Structural Components of an Ecosystem (E, chem, organisms) Solar E Heat Chemical nutrients (CO2, O, N, minerals) Heat Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungi) Heat Producers (plants) Consumers (plant eaters, meat eaters) Heat Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic Abiotic Biotic Biotic Feeding Relationships • There are 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer- Consumer 2. Predator- Prey 3. Parasite- Host Trophic Levels • Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level. • Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem. Trophic Levels Biomass- the amount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat. • As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease. • Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer. E N E R G Y Trophic Levels Tertiary consumerstop carnivores Secondary consumerssmall carnivores Primary consumers- Herbivores Producers- Autotrophs Why is a vegetarian diet more E efficient than a meat-based diet? • E is lost • Higher up= less E • Eat a lower trophic level?? Trophic Levels Food chain- simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem Trophic Levels Food web- shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level • Represents a network of interconnected food chains FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBS - illustrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem *Note the direction of the arrows, they indicate where the energy is going when one . organism consumes another Each step in a chain or web is called a TROPHIC LEVEL Identify: Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Find the Omnivore. Ecological Pyramids (fig 3-9) Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Food chain (just 1 path of energy) Food web (all possible energy paths) Nutrient Cycles Cycling maintains homeostasis (balance) in the environment. •3 cycles to investigate: 1. Water cycle 2. Carbon cycle 3. Nitrogen cycle 4. Phosphorus 5. Sulfur Water cycle•Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation Water cycle- Carbon cycle•Photosynthesis and respiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment. Carbon cycle- Nitrogen cycleAtmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air. Organisms can not use it in that form. Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms. Nitrogen cycleOnly in certain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4+) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids. N2 NH4+ Nitrogen cycleNitrogen-fixing bacteria: Some live in a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts). Nitrogen cycle•Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live free in the soil. •Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies. Lightning Atmospheric nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Denitrification by bacteria Animals Nitrogen fixing bacteria Decomposers Ammonium Nitrification by bacteria Plants Nitrites Nitrates P Cycle S cycle Toxins in food chainsWhile energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency. •This is called biological magnification Ex: DDT & Bald Eagles Ecosystem - the community plus the physical factors in an area (rain, light, soil..) Examples: Rotting Log Koi Pond Lake Clump of Dirt A field An old maple tree Biomes • 6 major biomes – Tropical – Grassland – Desert – Temperate – Taiga – Tundra Tropical • Tropical rain forest – Warm temp, adundant rainfall – Lush vegetaion – Animals within thick cover, vocal Grassland Tropical Grassland • Warm throughout year • Dry and rainy season • Tall grass, scattered trees • Gazelles, herbivores Temperate Grassland • Dry and warm summer, snow winter • Short and tall grasses • Animals below ground (dry, windy) Desert • Dry • Cacti • nocturnal Temperate Temperate deciduous forest • Hot summer cold winter • Precip all year • Broadleaf forest, deciduous trees lose leaves Temperate rain forest • One long wet season, dry summer • Evergreen conifers • Migration Taiga • Long cold winter, short warm humid summer • Coniferous • Fur coats Tundra • • • • Subzero Little precip Permanently frozen, mosses low animal diversity Biome - large area that has a particular climate, and particular species of plants and animals that live there (tundra) Biosphere - the part of the earth that supports life Ecological methods - how do we study it? Observing Experimenting Modeling Models are created by humans to make predictions. Sometimes, you must be cautious in how a model interprets data.... Imagine graphing a person's height as they age. One could predict that by the time they were age 30, they would be 22 feet tall. However, the model would need to account for the slowing of growth after adolescence.
