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Earth Systems and Resources JEOPARDY!! Nonrenewable 1 Nonrenewable 2 Food 1 Food 2 Potpourri 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 10 Nonrenewable 1 Define geology, core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust, and lithosphere. 10 Nonrenewable 1 Geology is the science devoted to the study of dynamic processes occurring on the earth’s surface and in its interior. The core is the earth’s innermost zone. It is extremely hot and has a solid inner part, surrounded by a liquid core of molten or semisolid material. Surrounding the core is a thick zone called the mantle, mostly solid rock. The outermost and thinnest zone of the earth is the crust. The asthenosphere is a zone of hot, partly melted rock under the rigid outermost part of the mantle. The combination of the crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle is called the lithosphere. 20 Nonrenewable 1 Define mineral, mineral resource, and rock. 20 Nonrenewable 1 A mineral is an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust as a solid with a regular internal crystalline structure. A mineral resource is a concentration of naturally occurring material from the earth’s crust that can be extracted and processed into useful products and raw materials at an affordable cost. Two major types are metallic minerals (such as aluminum and gold), and nonmetallic minerals (such as sand and limestone). Because they take so long to form, minerals are classified as nonrenewable resources. Rock is a solid combination of one or more minerals found in the earth’s crust. Some kinds of rock, such as limestone and quartzite, contain only one mineral. 30 Nonrenewable 1 Define and distinguish among sedimentary rock, igneous rock, and metamorphic rock and give an example of each. . 30 Nonrenewable 1 Sedimentary rock is made of sediments—dead plant and animal remains and tiny particles of weathered and eroded rocks. Examples include sandstone, shale, dolomite, limestone, lignite and bituminous coal. Igneous rock forms below or on the earth’s surface when magma wells up from the earth’s upper mantle or deep crust and then cools and hardens. Examples include granite and lava rock. Metamorphic rock forms when a preexisting rock is subjected to high temperatures, high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these agents. Examples include slate and marble. 30 Community 1 40 Nonrenewable 1 Define and describe the nature and importance of the rock cycle. 40 Nonrenewable 1 The interaction of physical and chemical processes that change rocks from one type to another is called the rock cycle. In this process, rocks are broken down, eroded, crushed, heated, melted, fused together into new forms by heat and pressure, cooled, and/ or recrystallized within the earth’s mantle and in the earth’s crust. The rock cycle concentrates the planet’s nonrenewable mineral resources on which our life processes depend. 50 Nonrenewable 1 Define ore and distinguish between a high-grade ore and a low-grade ore. . 50 Nonrenewable 1 An ore is rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral—often a metal—to make it profitable for mining and processing. A high-grade ore contains a large concentration of the desired mineral, whereas a low-grade ore contains a smaller concentration. 10 Nonrenewable 2 What is depletion time and what factors affect it? 10 Nonrenewable 2 Depletion time is the time it takes to use up a certain proportion— usually 80%— of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use. The shortest depletion time estimate assumes no recycling or reuse and no increase in reserves. A longer depletion time estimate assumes that recycling will stretch existing reserves and that better mining technology, higher prices, or new discoveries will increase reserves. An even longer depletion time assumes that new discoveries will further expand. 20 Nonrenewable 2 Summarize the life cycle of a metal product. 20 Nonrenewable 2 The life cycle of a metal product includes mining, processing, manufacturing a product, disposal, and recycling. . 30 Nonrenewable 2 Define overburden and spoils. 30 Nonrenewable 2 * Overburden is the soil and rock overlying a useful mineral deposit. Overburden is usually set aside in piles of waste material, called spoils. 40 Nonrenewable 2 What are tectonic plates, and what typically happens when they collide, move apart, or grind against one another? 40 Nonrenewable 2 Tectonic plates are huge rigid plates that move extremely slowly atop the denser mantle. They were likely formed from the flows of energy and heated material in convection cells that caused the lithosphere to break up. Tectonic plates can also slide and grind past one another along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere—a type of boundary called a transform fault. It consists of the continental crust, which underlies the continents (including the continental shelves extending into the oceans), and the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean basins and makes up 71% of the earth’s crust. Subduction is when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. The continental plate usually rides up over the denser oceanic plate and pushes it down into the mantle. The area where this collision and subduction takes place is called a subduction zone. Weathering is the physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks into smaller particles that help build soil. Weathering plays a key role in soil formation. 50 Nonrenewable 2 Define earthquake and describe its nature and major effects. . 50 Nonrenewable 2 Forces inside the earth’s mantle and near its surface push, deform, and stress rocks. The stress can cause the rocks to suddenly shift or break and produce a transform fault, or fracture, in the earth’s crust. When a fault forms, or when there is abrupt movement on an existing fault, energy that has accumulated over time is released in the form of vibrations, called seismic waves, which move in all directions through the surrounding rock. This internal geological process is called an earthquake. Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries of tectonic plates when colliding plates create tremendous pressures in the earth’s crust or when plates slide past one another at transform faults. Relief of the earth’s internal stress releases energy as shock (seismic) waves, which move outward from the earthquake’s focus like ripples in a pool of water. Scientists measure the severity of an earthquake by the magnitude of its seismic waves. 10 Food1 Define polyculture and summarize its benefits. 10 Food1 Many traditional farmers grow several crops on the same plot simultaneously, a practice known as polyculture. Polyculture reduces the chances of losing all of the year’s food supply to pests, bad weather, or other misfortunes. 20 Food1 Define organic agriculture and compare its main components with those of conventional industrialized agriculture. 20 Food1 Organic agriculture involves crops grown with the use of ecologically sound and sustainable methods. Organic agriculture differs from industrialized agriculture because it doesn’t use synthetic pesticides, inorganic fertilizers, or genetically engineered plants. 30 Food1 What is a green revolution? . 30 Food1 Since 1950, about 88% of the increase in global food production has come from using high-input industrialized agriculture to increase yields in a process called the green revolution. 40 Food1 Distinguish between crossbreeding through artificial selection and genetic engineering. 40 Food1 Traditional crossbreeding is a slow process, typically taking 15 years or more to produce a commercially valuable new crop variety, and it can combine traits only from species that are genetically similar. Genetic engineering involves altering an organism’s genetic material through adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA to produce desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable ones. It enables scientists to transfer genes between different species that would not interbreed in nature. The resulting organisms are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs). 50 Food1 Describe the second green revolution based on genetic engineering. 50 Food1 The second green revolution involves altering an organism’s genetic material by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA to produce desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable ones. It also allows for the transfer of genetic material between organisms that would not be able to interbreed in nature. . 10 Food 2 What is topsoil and why is it one of our most important resources? 10 Food 2 Topsoil is the topmost layer of soil which supports the growth of plants. It is important because it supports all food growth. 20 Food 2 Define soil salinization and waterlogging and describe their harmful environmental effects. 20 Food 2 Repeated annual applications of irrigation water in dry climates lead to the gradual accumulation of salts in the upper soil layers—a soil degradation process called salinization. It stunts crop growth, lowers crop yields, and can eventually kill plants and ruin the land. Irrigation can cause waterlogging, in which water accumulates underground and gradually raises the water table. Farmers often apply large amounts of irrigation water to leach salts deeper into the soil. Without adequate drainage, waterlogging occurs and saline water then surrounds the deep roots of plants, lowering their productivity and killing them after prolonged exposure. 30 Food 2 Compare the benefits and harmful effects of industrialized meat production. . 30 Food 2 Producing meat by using feedlots and other confined animal production facilities increases meat production, reduces overgrazing, and yields higher profits. However, such systems use large amounts of energy and water and produce huge amounts of animal waste that sometimes pollutes surface water and groundwater and saturates the air with their odor. 40 Food 2 Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of modern pesticides. 40 Food 2 Advantages of conventional chemical pesticides include: save lives, increase food supplies, profitable, work fast, and safe if used properly. Disadvantages include: promote genetic resistance, kill natural pest enemies, pollute the environment, can harm wildlife and people, and are expensive for farmers. 50 Food 2 What is aquaculture (fish farming)? 50 Food 2 Aquaculture involves the raising of marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages instead of hunting and gathering them. 10 Genetics 2 My name is Bond, Ionic Bond; Taken, not shared! 10 Population Growth From: Mariano Cecowski <MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar> Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in Alaska fall into the water which one disolves faster? A: The one in Alaska because it is HIJKLMNO 10 Population Growth Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson. Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room he's in. Urine - The opposite of "You're out!" Benign: What we want when we are eight. Intestine - Currently taking an exam CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport 10 Potpourri Explain how the supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource can be economically depleted and list the five choices we have when this occurs. 10 Potpourri A supply can be economically depleted when it costs more to find than it is worth. We can recycle or reuse existing supplies, waste less, use less, find a substitute, or do without. 10 Genetics 2 20 Potpourri Describe the conventional view of the relationship between the supply of a mineral resource and its market price. 20 Potpourri According to standard economic theory, in a competitive market system, a plentiful mineral resource is cheap when its supply exceeds demand. When a resource becomes scarce, its price rises. According to some economists, this price effect may no longer apply very well in most developed countries. Industry and government in such countries often use subsidies, taxes, regulations, and import tariffs to control the supplies, demands, and prices of minerals to such an extent that a truly competitive market does not exist. Most mineral prices are kept artificially low because governments subsidize development of their domestic mineral resources to help promote economic growth and national security. 30 Potpourri What is the root cause of food insecurity? 30 Potpourri Most agricultural experts agree that the root cause of food insecurity is poverty, which prevents poor people from growing or buying enough food. Other obstacles to food security are environmental degradation, political upheaval, war, and corruption. 30 Genetics 2 40 Potpourri Distinguish among industrialized agriculture (high-input agriculture), plantation agriculture, hydroponics, traditional subsistence agriculture, and traditional intensive agriculture. 40 Potpourri Industrialized agriculture, or high-input agriculture, uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures. Plantation agriculture is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical developing countries. It involves growing cash crops such as bananas, soybeans (mostly to feed livestock), sugarcane (to produce sugar and ethanol fuel), coffee, palm oil (used as a cooking oil and to produce biodiesel fuel), and vegetables. Crops are grown on large monoculture plantations, mostly for export to developed countries. Producing such monoculture crops in the tropics increases yields but decreases biodiversity when tropical forests are cleared or burned to make way for crop plantations. Hydroponics involves growing plants by exposing their roots to a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, usually inside of a greenhouse. Traditional subsistence agriculture supplements energy from the sun (for photosynthesis) with the labor of humans and draft animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s survival, with little left over to sell or store as a reserve for hard times. In traditional intensive agriculture, farmers increase their inputs of human and draftanimal labor, animal manure for fertilizer, and water to obtain higher crop yields. If the weather cooperates, they produce enough food to feed their families and have some left to sell for income. 50 Potpourri Describe the second green revolution based on genetic engineering. 50 Potpourri The second green revolution involves altering an organism’s genetic material by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA to produce desirable traits or to eliminate undesirable ones. It also allows for the transfer of genetic material between organisms that would not be able to interbreed in nature. .