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Transcript
Renaissance Means Rebirth Time of creativity and change in political, social, economic, and cultural Reawakened interest in classical learning, the culture of ancient Rome, creative minds transformed their age Explored new attitudes toward culture and learning New emphasis on individual achievement Spirit of adventure and wide-ranging curiosity that led people to explore new worlds Secular thought was more prominent. Secular: Worldly rather than spiritual Italian Beginnings Began in Italy, specifically, Florence in the mid 1300s (a number of small city-states) Spread North to the rest of Europe Reached its height in the 1500s Italy was the center of ancient Roman history and there was a new interest in ancient Rome Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to Northern Europe Wealthy and powerful merchant class promoted the cultural rebirth – Patrons: financial supporters of the arts. Jan Van EyckNorthern Renaissance Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation; Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity Medieval Italian portrait of the Madonna. Renaissance Italian portrait of the Madonna. Renaissance vs. Medieval Art Differences Medieval Style Byzantine Influence Conservative with Human body Flat, two dimensional Renaissance Style Greek and Roman Influence Celebration of the Human body Three dimensional depth Humanism Based on the study of classical culture, focuses on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues Believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers Main areas of study were grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history Studied the ancients to increase their understanding of their own times Humanism Celebrated the Individual Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture Was supported by wealthy patrons Lorenzo Di Medici 1400s Florence, the Medici family organized a banking business Held cultural and political power Lorenzo di Medici-politician and generous Patron (financial supporter) of the arts Francesco Petrarch Francesco Petrarch Florence, early Renaissance Humanist- Father of Renaissance Humanism Assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts Sonnets, humanist scholarship A Golden Age in the Arts Renaissance reached its most glorious expression in its paintings, sculpture, and architecture Portrayed religious figures, set against Greek or Roman backgrounds, portraits of well known figures of the day Golden Age of the Arts Perspective-making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer Made pictures three dimensional Used shading to make objects look round and real Studied human anatomy and drew from live models Could portray the human body more accurately Leonardo DaVinci Florence Paintings regarded for their freshness and realism Most popular –Mona Lisa and Last Supper Made sketches of nature, models, dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscle work Art, botany, engineering anatomy, optics, music, architecture Sketches of flying machines and undersea boats Michelangelo Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet Pieta-sorrow of Mary cradling Christ David-statue of the Shepherd shows harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition Sistine Chapel Raphael Paintings blend Christian and classical styles School of Athens-imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists Best known for his Madonnas 1: Zeno of Citium or Zeno of Elea? – 2: Epicurus – 3: Frederik II of Mantua? – 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? – 5: Averroes – 6: Pythagoras – 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? – 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? – 9: Hypatia or the young Francesco Maria della Rovere? – 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? – 11: Parmenides? – 12: Socrates – 13: Heraclitus (painted as Michelangelo) – 14: Plato holding the Timaeus (painted as Leonardo da Vinci) – 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics – 16: Diogenes of Sinope – 17: Plotinus? – 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (painted as Bramante)? – 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? – 20: Ptolemy – R: Raphael as Apelles – 21: Il Architecture Adopted columns, arches, and domes that were favored by the Greeks and Romans Rejected Gothic style Filippo Brunelleschi created a dome modeled on the Pantheon in Rome Writers How to books on how to rise in the Renaissance world will be popular Northern Renaissance- the moveable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas. Machiavelli The Prince-1513-guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power – absolute power of the ruler An early modern treatise on government Advises that one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary The end justifies the means Saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption raised important ethical questions about the nature of government The Northern Renaissance 1400s-France, Belgium, the Netherlands Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas Northern Renaissance thinkers merged with humanist ideas with Christianity Jan Van Eyck Painted townspeople/religious scenes Developed oil paint-produced strong colors Bruegel Leading Flemish artist Vibrant colors/lively scenes of peasant life Rich colors, vivid details Northern Humanists Stressed education and revival of classical learning Emphasized religious themes Christian Humanists: Very popular in Northern Renaissance because they believed you could still be inspired by Christian ideals. Erasmus Produced a new Greek edition of the New Testament, Latin translation also Called for reforms in the church The Praise of Folly-used humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day, including clergy He believed in a Christianity of the heart rather than of ceremonies and rulers. Sir Thomas More Utopia-describes an ideal society, where men and women live in peace and harmony, no one is idle, all are educated, justice is used to end crime rather than to eliminate the criminal Literature of the Northern Renaissance Rabelais-French Shakespeare Gargantua and Pantagruel-offered his opinions on a wide variety of subjects English, wrote 37 plays Cervantes Spain Don Quixote-mocks romantic notions of chivalry The Printing Revolution 1456-Johann Gutenberg developed the printing press By 1500-20 million volumes had been printed Books were cheaper and easier to produce People learned to read and write People gained access to knowledge Influenced religious and secular thought Castiglione The Book of the Courtier-artistocrat who mastered many fields from poetry to music to sports Men-athletic, good at games, music, literature, history, not arrogant Women-graceful, king, lively, pure, outer beauty is the true sign of inner goodness Albrecht Durer Nicknamed the German Leonardo due to his diverse interests and talents Helped to spread the ideas in his homeland