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Name Class Date Biography Ancient Greece Pericles c. 495–429 BC WHY HE MADE HISTORY Pericles was one of the most influential statesmen of Ancient Greece. Pericles is best remembered for expanding democracy in Athens. So great was his influence on Athens that his rule is often called the “Age of Pericles.” As you read the biography below, think about how Pericles’s sense of responsibility led him to advance democracy and improve Athens. Called “the greatest man in Athens,” Pericles was a popular and powerful statesman who led Athens into the Golden Age. Pericles spent his life in service of Athens. He worked hard to make his city the most beautiful and powerful state in Greece. Pericles was born into a powerful family. He began his life in politics around the age of 20 and quickly rose to importance in the Athenian government. As the head of state, Pericles made many reforms to help the people of Athens. He created a salary system and a public payroll. This was the first time elected officials were paid for their work. Pericles also allowed common people to serve in state offices. These improvements helped expand democracy in Athens. Under Pericles, Athenian art, science, and philosophy flourished. Pericles urged Athenians to use money in the state treasury for two things—to build a stronger navy and to beautify Athens. Pericles hired architects and sculptors to build and decorate many public buildings in Athens. The Parthenon, the Temple of Athena Nike, and the Propylaea are a few of the structures built at this time. These buildings made Athens a magnificent city. VOCABULARY payroll a list of employees and how much they are paid treasury a place where money is kept Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 6 Ancient Greece Name Class Date Biography Pericles, continued In 431 BC, the Peloponnesian War began between Sparta and Athens. As military commander, Pericles watched as Athens struggled in the war. By the end of the first year of war, many Athenians had been killed. Pericles gave a famous funeral oration for those who had died. The speech appealed to the Athenians’ sense of patriotism and pride. During the war, Pericles had the people from surrounding areas abandon their homes and move to Athens, where they would be safe behind the city’s walls. Although the people were safe, this strategy allowed the Spartans to destroy much of the land around Athens. This made many Athenians angry with Pericles In 430 BC, a plague broke out and many Athenians died. Because of these problems, Pericles began to lose trust of the people, and he was removed from office for a short while. Pericles returned to power, but soon became ill from the plague and died. Athens had lost its greatest statesman. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Analyzing How did Pericles improve life in Athens? 2. Sequencing Place the major events from Pericles’s life in the proper order. 3. Evaluating What do you think was Pericles’s greatest accomplishment? Explain your answer. ACTIVITY Imagine that you are a public official in Athens, receiving a salary for the first time. Aside from money, what other things are important for your job? Choose one, and write a request letter to Pericles. In your letter, give an explanation as to how this would help other Athenians who are working for the state. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 7 Ancient Greece Answer Key Ancient Greece Vocabulary Builder Section 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Biography Sappho WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. The little information we have about classical acropolis agora peninsula polis hill marketplace city-state great, artistic, marked by achievements small, landform, surrounded by water Sappho’s life was written in her poetry, and very few of these poems have survived. 2. Lyrics today are written to be played on the radio; songs today use many different instruments, but during Sappho’s time there was probably just one instrument. ACTIVITY Answers will vary. Biography Pericles Vocabulary Builder Section 2 WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Pericles created a salary/payroll for the 1. True 2. True 3. False—Democracy in Athens reached its 4. 5. 6. 7. people of Athens to get paid. Pericles opened offices so that anyone could serve. 2. Pericles gained power, gave the people salaries, went to war, beautified Athens, and died of plague. 3. Answers will vary, but may include: I think that the greatest accomplishment of Pericles was his decision to give workers a salary because people deserve to be paid for their work; I think Pericles’s greatest accomplishment was making Athens beautiful with architecture and sculpture. The Parthenon still exists today, and it tells us a lot about Ancient Greece. height under the rule of a brilliant elected leader named Pericles. False—In the 590s BC, Solon created a set of laws less harsh than those created by Draco. Solon’s laws enabled all free men living in Athens to become citizens. True d. aristocrats a. oligarchy Vocabulary Builder Section 3 ACTIVITY Answers will vary. 1. A person’s Achilles Heel, a reference from 2. 3. 4. 5. Homer’s The Iliad, refers to his or her weak spot. Greek writers taught people important lessons about life through fables. Ancient Greeks explained weather, seasons, and natural disasters by creating a mythology that helped many people understand these phenomena. Homer wrote the two great epics of early Greece, The Iliad and The Odyssey. Hercules fought monsters and killed the nine-headed hydra, according to Greek mythology. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 30 5378_MSH_Answer Key_Ch08.indd 30 Ancient Greece 6/8/05 12:50:25 PM