Download The Human Body: An Orientation

Chapter One
A&P in Perspective
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So what is Biology?
◦ Biology is defined as
the “study of life”
◦ All living things
exhibit the same
basic functions
Anatomy, which means “cutting open”, is the
study of internal and external structures of
the body and the physical relationship among
body parts.
Anatomy can be divided into Gross and
Microscopic Anatomy

Surface anatomy
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Regional anatomy
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Systemic anatomy
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Cytology
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Histology
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Functions of the human body are complex
and much more difficult to examine than
most anatomical structures.
Review Questions
What term refers to changes in an organism’s
behavior, capability, or structure in response
to a changing environment?
a. Responsiveness
b. Adaptability
c. Development
d. Differentiation
Visual examination of a specimen’s cells and
tissues is an example of ______________.
a. gross anatomy
b. microscopic anatomy
c. physiology
d. form and function
Levels of Organization
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The apparent complexity of the human body
represents multiple levels of organization.
Each level is more complex than the previous
level, but all can be broken down into similar
components
The levels of organization are:
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Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ System level
Organism level
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Be sure you can identify the major organs of
each of the 11 organ systems.
Be sure you can identify the major functions
of each of the 11 organ systems.
Animation: Organ Systems
Review Questions
A group of cells working together for a
specific function make up which of the
following levels of organization?
a. Organ
b. System
c. Tissue
d. Culture
What tissue is found in the walls of blood
vessels and the digestive tract, and functions
in maintaining blood pressure and propelling
contents?
a. Skeletal muscle
b. Connective tissue
c. Smooth muscle
d. Epithelial tissue
Homeostasis
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Homeostasis is the presence of a stable
internal environment.
Maintaining homeostasis is absolutely vital to
an organisms survival; failure to maintain
homeostasis leads to illness, disease, or
death.
Homeostasis regulation requires three basic
components: a receptor, a control center,
and an effector.
Review Questions
What part of a homeostatic mechanism
senses an environmental stimulus?
a. Effector
b. Responder
c. Receptor
d. Sensor
What type of feedback provides a response
that is opposite to the original stimulus?
a. Homeostatic
b. Physiological
c. Positive
d. Negative
Which of the following is an example of
positive feedback?
a. Increasing heart rate with activity
b. Sweating when hot
c. Forming a blood clot when bleeding
d. Eating when hungry
Anatomical Terms
Review Questions
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