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Main information about the Galápagos Islands Galápagos Islands are composed of 7 main islands which are: Fernandina, Baltra, Genovesa, San Cristóbal, James, and Santa Cruz. Also there are another 12 islands.. islands Galápagos Islands are a group of islands that are a region of Ecuador. The region is 600 miles (about 1,000 kilometres) from Ecuador’s coast. The climate in the Galápagos Islands is very mild and comfortable. From June to December, the colder air comes to the islands giving rain to the animals and plants. From January to May, the hot air comes, giving warmth and heat. They didn’t change a lot during the last 100 years. The oldest of the islands were formed four million years ago, but the youngest are still being formed. The Galápagos Islands have a rich scientific history history.. This islands were made famous by the naturalist Charles Darwin. He investigated the biodiversity. biodiversity. The Beagle carried a total of 75 men. Life on board the Beagle was really difficult. There were three natives on board from the first trip the Beagle made. The crew needed to eat very little because the Beagle couldn’t carry a lot of food. They slept in hammocks because they didn’t have enough space for beds. They needed to make a lot of stops to get resources or food. The Beagle had squared sails and cannons to protect them from the pirates. Darwin started the voyage when he was 22 years old and it ended when he was 27. So the trip lasted for 5 years.. (1831 years (1831--1836). • Darwin was seasick so he suffered a lot during the whole voyage. voyage. • During the voyage the crew made lots of stops for Darwin to take notes of everything he wanted. wanted. • They made about 11 stops all around the world till they were again in the U.K. • They sailed from Plymouth to their first stop, Bahia, Bahia, eastern Brazil. Brazil. The crew continued sailing until Rio de Janeiro, another city in the coast of Brazil. Brazil. Then they went to Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay, and bordered South America, stopped at Valparaiso, a city on the coast of Chile. Chile. Then they pause at Callao Lima, in Peru. And then finally, this led him to the Galapagos Islands. Islands. Here, at the Galapagos Darwin took most of his time observing tortoises. The trip getting back to the U.K. was shorter because they stopped less less.. Getting back they first stopped at Sydney, in Australia. And then curved to an island called Hobart. Then they continued through the Indian Ocean until they stopped at Cape Town, the legislative capital of South Africa. Then they continued straight until stopping for second time at Bahia. Finally from Bahia they travelled to the U.K. Darwin’s general theory about evolution is that evolution is the development of life. Darwin’s complex theory is that all animals descend from a common ancestor Darwin created his theory based on the Galapagos experience and his observations there. Darwin was puzzled about a question. The question was what keeps one species of plant or animal from overpopulating the planet or living in every corner of the world? Darwin realized that something in nature limits population. •He was born on 17 •1825 On 22 October matriculates with his brother Erasmus at the University of Edinburgh. Registers for medical courses. February 1809 in Shrewsbury, England, son of Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah, nee Wedgwood. •1817 Attends school in Shrewsbury run by George Case, Unitarian minister. His mother dies. •1827 On 15 October is admitted to Christ’s Collage, University of Cambridge, but does not move there until January 1828. •1829 July his name appears in Stephens' Illustration of British Entomology. •1831 Passes his BA examinations on 22 January without honors and remains at Cambridge for a further two terms to fulfill residence requirement. •1832 16 January Darwin makes his first landing in Cape Verde Islands. In December arrives in Tierra del Fuego. •1833 March, Beagle visits Falkland Islands. From April to July around Maldonado, August to December in Rio Negro and Monteviedo •1831In August he returns to Shrewsbury from Wales to find a letter from Henslow inviting him to join the Beagle voyage. Meets Captain Robert FitzRoy (1805-65) and makes preparations for the voyage. Begins Beagle dairy. After two false starts, the ship leaves Plymouth on 27 December. •1834 Early part of the year is spent surveying in Tierra del Fuego and another visit to the Falkland Islands. April to May Darwin and Fitz Roy make an inland expedition along the River Santa Cruz. Repeated ports of call in Tierra del Fuego, eventually leaving the Straits of Magellan in June. •1835 Spends February in Valdivia and early March in Concepcion, makes long excursion northwards from March to September, calling at Copiapo, Iquique and Callao. Beagle departs Lima on 7 September for the Galapagos Archipelago. Darwin spends 16 September to 20 October exploring the archipelago, 15-26 November in Tahiti, 2130 November in New Zealand. December Henslow prints extracts from his letters. •1836 Beagle calls at Sydney in January, Hobart in February, Cocos and Keeling Islands in April, followed by Mauritius. Visits Cape of Good Hope from 31 May to 18 June. Writes first article to be published with Fitzroy. The ship makes way across Atlantic ocean calling at St Helena and Ascension Islands in July. Returns briefly to Brazil in August to check some readings. Calls at Azores in September. 2 October, Beagle drops anchor at Falmouth, England •1837 Arranges for his Beagle specimens to be identified. Begins publication of The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle •1838 Marries Emma Wedgwood on 29 January. Publishes Journal of Researches, later known as Voyage of the Beagle. First child, a son William, is born. He and Emma eventually have ten children, seven of whom reach adulthood. •1848 November, his father Robert Waring Darwin dies. Goes to Shrewsbury for the funeral but arrives too late to attend. •1851 In March, he takes oldest daughter Annie to Malvern where she dies of fever on 23 March, aged ten. •1859 Origin of Species is published in London on 24 November by John Murray. •1858 Baby Charles dies of scarlet fever on 28 June. Darwin knows someone else called Alfred Russel Wallace who has the same theory has he does. •1860 Publishes 2nd edition of Origin. Foreign editions appear. Begins work on Variation book. •1862 Meets Alfred Russel Wallace on his return from Indonesia. • 1863 Seriously ill, consults many medical men about his symptoms. Ill health continues until spring 1866. •1867 Completes Variation book. •1876 During the summer begins to write an autobiographic memoir for his children and future grandchildren. In September Darwin’s first grandchild is born to Francis and Amy Darwin. Amy dies in childbirth. •1871 Publishes The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex. Daughter Henrietta marries Richard Litchfield •1882 Dies 19 April, aged seventythree. Buried in Westminster Abbey, 26 April. •1881 In August his brother Erasmus dies, and is buried in Down churchyard. Defends right of scientists to experiment on living animals Darwin found out about both natural selection and diversity . With natural selection, Darwin said that organisms with certain preexisting traits that favor it in the environment are selected by nature for survival and will pass on the characteristics to offspring. If an organism is selected against or does not have an advantage to survive in its environment, it will die out. Diversity is the way an animal is different from others. Darwin later went on a five-year trip stopping at the Galápagos Islands on 15th September, 1835. On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin was amazed by the diversity of tortoises. Each tortoise had a different characteristic from the one before that helped it to survive better in its environment. Some tortoises could grow to be as big as a VW Beatle. But the first conclusions of his evolution theory came to Darwin when he saw the 13 types of finches on all of the islands. With finches he could see more clearly the characteristics that helped each bird to survive in its environment. While Darwin was on his voyage, he sent reports and some fossils he had uncovered to the scientists back in England. When Darwin came back to England, he told people about his theory, but many thought he was mistaken. Then, in 1858, Darwin was shocked to find out that a biologist called Alfred Russell had developed the same theory he had come up with. Darwin then quickly finished the draft of a book he was working on named The Origin of Species Within Means of Natural Selection. It was a bestseller. Then in 1882 Darwin died. He is widely known as the best biologist that ever lived. Interesting facts The name Galápagos came from the old Spanish word “galapagos” galapagos” meaning tortoise. tortoise. More than 600 volcanic eruptions have been known to occur from 200 years ago until now now.. One of the islands, Darwin, was named in honor of the naturalist. naturalist. The poisonous apple tree called Manzanillo is from the Galapagos Islands. Both the fruit and the sap are poisonous. poisonous. The islands and their surroundings are a WHS (World (World Heritage Site). Site). Orcas can be seen hunting sperm whale. whale. There are thirteen species of Darwin’s finches endemic to the island. The main characteristic that distinguishes finches from other birds is that they have an especially long beak. Darwin was very hurt when he published his theory theory.. The Christian church didn’t believe him because they thought God created them. them. Darwin and his family were very religious religious.. The consequences were that Darwin was sent out of the church. church. This was a tragedy for Darwin. But he demonstrated that he was right in his theory.. theory The End By Jon, Xabier, Ivan, Jaime, Jorge, and Borja Bibliographies “Charles Darwin”. Galápagos Conservation Center. www.gct.org/darwin.html 19/10/09. “The man who rocked biology to its core”. Science News for Kids. www.sciencenewsforkids.org/article/20090211/ Feature1.asp 19/10/09. “Darwin In The Galápagos Islands.” Galápagos Connection. www.galapagosconnection.net/page_darwin.ht ml 19/10/09. “Darwin And Evolution.” Galápagos Geolygon The Web. www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/galapagoswww/d arwin.html 19/10/09. “Charles Darwin In The Galápagos.” Galapagos Islands. www.galapagosislands.com/html/darwin_s_visit .html 19/10/09. “Darwin’s Theory Of EvolutionEvolution-A Theory in Crisis.” All About Science. http://www.darwins http://www.darwins--theorytheory-ofofevolution.com/http://www.darwins--theoryevolution.com/http://www.darwins theory-ofofevolution.com/ 2002 “Animals, Adaptation, and the GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Discover with Darwin.” SCHOLASTIC.http:// SCHOLASTIC.http ://teacher.scholastic.com teacher.scholastic.com/acti /acti vities/explorations/adaptation/libraryarticle.asp?I vities/explorations/adaptation/ libraryarticle.asp?I temID=130&SubjectID=114&categoryID=2 temID =130&SubjectID=114&categoryID=2 Unknown “Timeline of the life of Charles Robert Darwin.” The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. http://darwin--online.org.uk/timeline.html 15 http://darwin November, 2009 “The Galapagos Islands.” The Galapagos Islands. www.geographia.com/ecuador/galislands.htm.. www.geographia.com/ecuador/galislands.htm 19/10/09 “The Galapagos Islands.” The Galapagos Islands. people.rit.edu/rhrsbi people.rit.edu/ rhrsbi//GalapagosPages GalapagosPages/AboutG /AboutG alapagos.html.. 19/10/09 alapagos.html